Development of a Fried Frailty Phenotype Questionnaire for Use in Screening Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

The aim of this study was to develop a Fried Frailty Phenotype Questionnaire (FFPQ) and a Japanese FRAIL (fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illnesses, and loss of weight) scale (FRAIL-J) and to evaluate the reliability and validity of both questionnaires in Japanese community-dwelling older adults. Cross-sectional analysis of Itoshima Frail Study (IFS). The IFS is an ongoing community-based prospective study in Itoshima (Japan). A total of 858 older adults age 65-75 years. The FRAIL-J comprises 5 existing items comparable to those in original FRAIL scale but with broader utilization in the Japanese healthcare system. In FFPQ, resistance, ambulation, and loss of weight were the same as those in FRAIL-J. Fatigue was the same with exhaustion in FFP and inactivity was assessed using a yes or no question. Data including demographics, and physical and cognitive functions, and objective physical activity was collected and analyzed in relation to both questionnaires. The FFPQ and FRAIL-J showed low internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson formula 20 coefficients = 0.32 and 0.29) and good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.79 and 0.72). The correlations ranged from -0.22 to 0.49 when correlating each item with cross-sectional outcomes. Using FFP as a criterion, the ares under the curve for FRAIL-J and FFPQ were 0.86 and 0.88, respectively. The optimal cut-off for FRAIL-J was 2, with a higher Youden index (66.7% vs 20.3% for 3) and a high negative predictive value (99.5%) but low positive predictive value (13.1%). As for FFPQ, either 2 or 3 was evaluated as cut-off because the Youden index (62.2% vs 58.5%) and negative predictive value (99.7% vs 99.2%) were similar although the positive predictive value was low (9.7% vs 33.3%). Using a 2-point cut-off, both questionnaires had slight agreement with FFP. The highest agreement (kappa = 0.42) was found between FFP and FFPQ using a 3-point cut-off. The FFPQ and FRAIL-J can be used for frailty screening in Japanese community-dwelling older adults.

Chen S ，Chen T ，Kishimoto H ，Susaki Y ，Kumagai S ... -  《-》

Development of a Screening Tool for Oral Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

To develop a Screening for Oral Frailty Tool (SOFT) and evaluate its reliability and validity among Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Cross-sectional analysis. The study was conducted as part of an ongoing community-based prospective study in Shanghai. A total of 307 older adults, aged between 60 and 96 years, participated in the study. This study was conducted in 3 stages: item development, scale development, and scale evaluation. This study was based on a visual model depicting the deterioration of oral function, and a draft scale was generated based on a literature review, existing scales, expert consultations, and cognitive interviews. Between December 2023 and February 2024, the validity and reliability of the SOFT were evaluated using a questionnaire administered to 307 community-dwelling older adults. Data including demographics, frailty, and sarcopenia were collected. The oral frailty scale comprises 6 items, including number of teeth, difficulty in swallowing, difficulty in chewing, difficulty in articulatory oral motor, dry mouth, and oral pain, and is assessed using a yes or no question. The correlations ranged from 0.40 to 0.66 when correlating each item with the total score of the scale. Using frailty and sarcopenia as criteria, the area under the curve for the SOFT was 0.71. The optimal cutoff for the SOFT was 2, using frailty as a criterion, with a higher Youden index and a high negative predictive value (94.9%), but a low positive predictive value (19.3%). The SOFT showed low internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson formula 20 coefficients 0.50) and good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients 0.86). The SOFT does not require specialized equipment and is not affected by cultural differences. It can be used for oral frailty screening in Chinese community-dwelling older adults and is simple and rapid.

Su Y ，Yuki M ，Huang H ，Luo N ，Wang L ... -  《-》

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the FRAIL Scale in Chinese Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

To cross-culturally adapt and test the FRAIL scale in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Cross-sectional study. The Chinese FRAIL scale was generated by translation and back-translation. An urban sample of 1235 Chinese community-dwelling older adults was enrolled to test its psychometric properties, including convergent validity, criterion validity, known-group divergent validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The Chinese FRAIL scale achieved semantic, idiomatic, and experiential equivalence. The convergent validity was confirmed by statistically significant kappa coefficients (0.209-0.401, P < .001) of each item with its corresponding alternative measurement, including the 7th item of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, the Timed Up and Go test, 4-m walking speed, polypharmacy, and the Short-Form Mini Nutritional Assessment. Using the Fried frailty phenotype as an external criterion, the Chinese FRAIL scale showed satisfactory diagnostic accuracy for frailty (area under the curve = 0.91). The optimal cut-point for frailty was 2 (sensitivity: 86.96%, specificity: 85.64%). The Chinese FRAIL scale had fair agreement with the Fried frailty phenotype (kappa = 0.274, P < .001), and classified more participants into frailty (17.2%) than the Fried frailty phenotype (3.9%). More frail individuals were recognized by the Chinese FRAIL scale among older and female participants than their counterparts (P < .001), respectively. It had low internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson formula 20 = 0.485) and good test-retest reliability within a 7- to 15-day interval (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.708). The Chinese FRAIL scale presents acceptable validity and reliability and can apply to Chinese community-dwelling older adults.

Dong L ，Qiao X ，Tian X ，Liu N ，Jin Y ，Si H ，Wang C ... -  《-》

Development of a Frailty Phenotype Questionnaire for Use in Screening Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

The purpose of this study was to develop a screening questionnaire for frailty based on the Fried frailty phenotype (FFP) in community-dwelling older adults. Cross-sectional data analysis of a cohort study. The study used baseline data from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Survey, a multicenter longitudinal study undertaken in 10 urban, rural, and suburban communities in Korea between 2016 and 2017. A total of 2917 older adults aged 70 to 84 years were included in the analysis, who were administered questionnaires and physical function tests. Gait speed and grip strength were measured, and all participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and answered questions about weight loss and exhaustion based on FFP. Five questions were chosen to screen for FFP: fatigue (exhaustion), resistance (weakness), ambulation (slowness), inactivity, and loss of weight. The Frailty Phenotype Questionnaire (FPQ; range of 0-5) was well correlated with the Fried frailty scale (range of 0-5) (r = 0.643; P < .001). Frailty based on the FPQ score (≥3 of 5) showed satisfactory diagnostic accuracy for FFP (area under the curve = 0.89), with high sensitivity (81.7%) and specificity (82.5%). The FPQ is a highly accurate screening tool for FFP in community-dwelling older adults.

Kim S ，Kim M ，Jung HW ，Won CW ... -  《-》

Assessment of frailty in Saudi community-dwelling older adults: validation of measurements.

Alqahtani BA ，Nasser TA 《-》