Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and obesity in SNAP-eligible children and adolescents.

Low-income individuals who are eligible for nutrition assistance have been shown to consume a larger portion of their daily calories from beverages with added sugar. We examined the association between Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation and self-reported sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption as well as the association between self-reported consumption of SSBs and overweight/obesity in low-income children. Cross-sectional analysis of 1455 SNAP-eligible U.S. children, ages 2-17, who completed a questionnaire and physical examination during the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). SNAP-eligible children who received SNAP in the last month were more likely to drink soda in the last month [76.0% (2.2)] than those who did not receive benefits [70.5% (2.8)]. These children were also more likely to drink fruit drinks [74.8% (1.6) vs. 69.3% (3.1)]. Among youth in households receiving SNAP benefits, soda consumption in the past month was associated with a greater risk of obesity, particularly Hispanic youth [OR=1.93 (1.07, 3.50), p=0.0314] aged 2-5 [OR=2.71 (1.29, 5.69), p=0.0114]. Additionally, among youth in households receiving SNAP benefits, male children who consumed sugar-sweetened fruit drinks in the past month were significantly more likely to be overweight [3.13 (1.12, 8.73), p=0.0315] as compared to male peers who did not consume any sugar sweetened fruit drinks. Among youth, SNAP recipients drink more SSBs than their eligible non-recipient peers. Our results indicate that certain populations of children receiving SNAP benefits and consuming SSBs are more likely to be overweight or obese when compared to their peers who receive SNAP benefits but do not consume SSBs.

Twarog JP ，Peraj E ，Vaknin OS ，Russo AT ，Woo Baidal JA ，Sonneville KR ... -  《-》

Beverage intake among preschool children and its effect on weight status.

O'Connor TM ，Yang SJ ，Nicklas TA 《-》

Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Children: The Interplay of Household SNAP and WIC Participation.

Although sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated with Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participation, no national studies have examined the interplay between these programs. This study compares children's sugar-sweetened beverage consumption across households enrolled in one, both, or neither program. A total of 4 waves (2009-2010 to 2015-2016) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were combined to obtain a sample of 4,772 children aged 0-19 years living in households eligible for both SNAP and WIC (households with income ≤130% of the Federal Poverty Level). Children were grouped as living in 4 household types: SNAP only; WIC only; SNAP + WIC; and neither program. Beverages with any added sugars were classified as SSBs. Two-part regression models examined the adjusted association between SSB consumption and program participation. Analyses were conducted in 2020. Compared with the SNAP‒only group, children in all other household types had lower odds of SSB consumption (AOR=0.44, p=0.002 for WIC only; AOR=0.69, p=0.020 for SNAP + WIC; AOR=0.61, p=0.025 for neither program). The lower probability of SSB consumption for children from WIC‒participating households was mostly driven by children aged 0-5 years, with the differences weakening for children aged 6-12 years and completely disappearing for those aged 12-19 years. No significant differences were observed for the amount of added sugar consumed by SSB consumers. Household WIC participation-whether jointly with SNAP or alone-may confer protection against SSB consumption. Unlike SNAP, WIC, by design, provides participating households with more information and opportunities to access and consume healthier diets. Understanding how SNAP and WIC interact can help policymakers improve the design and nutritional benefit of the U.S. food safety net.

Acciai F ，Srinivasan M ，Ohri-Vachaspati P 《-》

Sugary Drink Consumption Among Children by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Status.

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is the largest U.S. federally funded nutrition assistance program, providing food assistance to more than 40 million low-income Americans, half of whom are children. This paper examines trends in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among U.S. children and adolescents by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation status. Dietary data from 15,645 participants (aged 2-19 years) were obtained from the 2003-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination surveys. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation was categorized as: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participant, income-eligible nonparticipant, lower income-ineligible nonparticipant, and higher income-ineligible nonparticipant. Survey-weighted logistic regressions estimated predicted probabilities of daily sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, and negative binomial regressions estimated predicted per capita daily consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage calories. Data were analyzed in 2019. From 2003 to 2014, there were significant declines across all Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation categories for sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (participants: 84.2% to 75.6%, p=0.009; income-eligible nonparticipants: 85.8% to 67.5%, p=0.004; lower income-ineligible nonparticipants: 84.3% to 70.6%, p=0.026; higher income-ineligible nonparticipants: 82.2% to 67.7%, p=0.001) and per capita daily sugar-sweetened beverage calories (participants: 267 to 182 kilocalories, p<0.001; income-eligible nonparticipants: 269 to 168 kilocalories, p<0.001; lower income-ineligible nonparticipants: 249 to 178 kilocalories, p=0.008; higher income-ineligible nonparticipants: 244 to 161 kilocalories, p<0.001). Per capita sports/energy drink consumption increased among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participants (2 to 15 kilocalories, p=0.007). Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption has declined for children and adolescents in all Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation categories, but current levels remain high. There were fewer favorable trends over time for consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage subtypes among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participants relative to other participant categories.

Koma JW ，Vercammen KA ，Jarlenski MP ，Frelier JM ，Bleich SN ... -  《-》

Supplemental nutrition assistance program participation and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, overall and by source.

This paper examined patterns in adults' sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and caloric intake by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation status and by source of purchases in the United States (US). Cross-sectional analysis of consumption of SSBs by source of purchases using 24-hour dietary recall data obtained from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2010 (N=17,891). Bivariate analysis and multivariable regressions were used to examine the association between SNAP participation and SSB calories consumed overall and by source. SSBs account for approximately 12% of total daily caloric intake (258 kcal) among SNAP participants, higher than that of SNAP-eligible nonparticipants (9% total daily intake, 205 kcal) and SNAP-ineligible nonparticipants (6% total daily intake, 153 kcal). Among income-eligible adults, participating in SNAP is associated with 28.9 additional SSB calories, of which most were obtained from a store. From 2003-04 to 2009-10, SSB prevalence and caloric intake were flat among SNAP participants while it declined among both SNAP-eligible and SNAP-ineligible nonparticipants; this pattern held for all sources of SSBs except for those purchased from fast-food restaurants, which were not statistically reduced among nonparticipants. SNAP participants consumed more SSB calories compared to SNAP-eligible nonparticipants; and their SSB prevalence and caloric intake trend was flat over the 2003-04 to 2009-10 period. SNAP-Education interventions that focus on improving access to healthy food in poor neighborhoods may benefit SNAP participants.

Nguyen BT ，Powell LM 《-》