The Stat3 inhibitor, S3I-201, downregulates lymphocyte activation markers, chemokine receptors, and inflammatory cytokines in the BTBR T(+) Itpr3(tf)/J mouse model of autism.

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a high incidence rate. It is characterized by deficits in communication, a lack of social skills, cognitive inflexibility, and stereotypical behaviors. Autism has been gradually increasing in children over the past several years, without the existence of an effective treatment. BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice serve as an accepted model to evaluate autistic-like behaviors as they display core behavioral symptoms displayed in autism. Previous findings showed that S3I-201, a selective Stat3 inhibitor, can be used to treat neuroinflammation disorders. Previously, we showed that S3I-201 treatment has therapeutic effects on autism-like behaviors, and Th1/Th17 and regulatory T cells in BTBR mice. The objective of the present study was to further explore the role of S3I-201 in BTBR mice, and this was performed by investigating the effects of S3I-201 treatment on lymphocyte activation markers (CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD69+), chemokine receptors (CD4+CCR6+, CD4+CCR7+, CD4+CXCR4+, and CD4+CXCR5+), and proinflammatory cytokines (CD4+IL-6+ and CD4+TNF-α+) in the spleen cells of BTBR and C57BL/6 (C57) mice. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CD69, CCR6, CCR7, CXCR4, CXCR5, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were examined in the brain tissues, and in BTBR mice, a significant decrease in CD25, CD69, CCR6, CCR7, CXCR4, CXCR5, IL-6, and TNF-α producing CD4+ T cells was observed. The present findings suggest that treatment with S3I-201 may be a therapeutic approach to improve immune abnormalities in a subgroup of autistic subjects.

Ahmad SF ，Ansari MA ，Nadeem A ，Bakheet SA ，Alanazi AZ ，Alsanea S ，As Sobeai HM ，Almutairi MM ，Mahmood HM ，Attia SM ... -  《-》

S3I-201, a selective Stat3 inhibitor, restores neuroimmune function through upregulation of Treg signaling in autistic BTBR T(+) Itpr3(tf)/J mice.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms include communication deficits, a lack of social skills, and stereotyped repetitive behaviors. We used BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice, a model that demonstrates most of the core behavioral features of ASD, such as decreased sociability and high levels of repetitive behaviors. Currently, there is no treatment available that is able to improve most of the ASD disorder symptoms; thus, finding novel therapies is immediately required. Stat3 inhibitors are potential targets in the treatment of several immune disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of S3I-201, a selective Stat3 inhibitor, to determine its potential mechanism in BTBR mice. In this study, we first examined the effects of S3I-201 on repetitive behavior and marble burying. We also examined the treatment of S3I-201 on Th1 (IFN-γ and T-bet), Th17 (IL-17A, RORγt, Stat3, IL-21, and IL-22), and T regulatory (Treg, Foxp3 and Helios) production in spleen CD4+ T cells. We further assessed Th1, Th17, and Treg mRNA and protein expression levels in brain tissues. S3I-201 treatment in BTBR mice significantly prevents marble burying and repetitive behavior. Furthermore, S3I-201 administration causes a considerable decrease in IFN-γ, T-bet, IL-17A, RORγt, Stat3, IL-21, and IL-22 levels, and increases in Foxp3 and Helios production CD4+ T cells in BTBR mice. Additionally, S3I-201 treatment also significantly decreases Th1 and Th17 levels, and increases Treg mRNA and protein expression levels. Therefore, these results suggest that S3I-201 could be considered as a therapeutic option for ASD.

Ahmad SF ，Ansari MA ，Nadeem A ，Bakheet SA ，Alshammari MA ，Khan MR ，Alsaad AMS ，Attia SM ... -  《-》

Adenosine A2A receptor modulates neuroimmune function through Th17/retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) signaling in a BTBR T(+) Itpr3(tf)/J mouse model of autism.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormal social interactions, repetitive behaviors that impair social communication, and circumscribed interests. BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR) inbred mice are generally used as a model for ASD, as they show repetitive behaviors and social deficits that resemble signs of ADS in humans. Adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) are considered as potential targets in the treatment of immune, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of the A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) antagonist SCH 5826 (SCH) and agonist CGS 21680 (CGS) on behavior (self-grooming), hot plate test results, and expression levels of IL-17A+, RORγt+, Foxp3+, and IL-10+ in CD4+ T spleen cells in BTBR and C57BL/6 (B6) mice. We also assessed IL-17A, RORγt, Stat3, pStat3, Foxp3, and IL-10 mRNA and protein expression levels in the brain tissue. The CGS-treated mice showed a significantly altered self-grooming score and a reduced response to the hot plate test. The results further revealed that the SCH efficiently increased the IL-17A+ and RORγt+ expression levels and decreased the Foxp3+ and IL-10+ expression levels in CD4+ cells. However, the treatment with CGS significantly reversed these effects. In addition, CGS significantly decreased the IL-17A, RORγt, Stat3, and pStat3 levels and increased the Foxp3 and IL-10 mRNA and protein expression levels as compared with the BTBR control and SCH treatments. Our results clearly indicate that the CGS A2AR agonist may represent a unique target for future therapeutic strategies for neuroimmune dysfunction.

Ansari MA ，Nadeem A ，Attia SM ，Bakheet SA ，Raish M ，Ahmad SF ... -  《-》

Activation of adenosine A2A receptor signaling regulates the expression of cytokines associated with immunologic dysfunction in BTBR T(+) Itpr3(tf)/J mice.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by stereotypical repetitive behavior, impaired social interaction, and deficits in communication. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice have been extensively used as an animal model of the ASD-like phenotype. Adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) are considered potential targets in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we used the A2AR antagonist SCH 5826 (SCH) and the A2AR agonist CGS 21680 (CGS) to investigate the activation of A2AR signaling in immune cells. Further, we examined the effects of A2ARs on the expression of the cytokines interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-9, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in the spleen and in splenic CD4+ T cells. In addition, we assessed the mRNA and protein expression levels of these cytokines in the brain tissue. Our results showed that the levels of IL-2+, IL-6+, IL-9+, IFN-γ+, and TNF-α+ were significantly lower, whereas the levels of TGF-β+ in the spleen and in splenic CD4+ T cells were significantly higher in the CGS-treated mice than in the BTBR control and SCH-treated mice. In addition, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis showed a decrease in the mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-9, IFN-γ+, and TNF-α+ and an increase in the mRNA and protein expression levels of TGF-β in the CGS-treated mice, while treatment with BTBR alone and SCH resulted in increased Th1 levels and decreased Th2 levels in the brain tissue. Our results suggest that treatment the A2AR agonist CGS may be a promising therapeutic option for neuroimmune dysfunction.

Ansari MA ，Attia SM ，Nadeem A ，Bakheet SA ，Raish M ，Khan TH ，Al-Shabanah OA ，Ahmad SF ... -  《-》

Adenosine A2A receptor signaling affects IL-21/IL-22 cytokines and GATA3/T-bet transcription factor expression in CD4(+) T cells from a BTBR T(+) Itpr3tf/J mouse model of autism.

Autism is a complex heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder; previous studies have identified altered immune responses among individuals diagnosed with autism. An imbalance in the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors plays a role in neurodevelopmental behavioral and autism disorders. BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice are used as a model for autism, as they exhibit social deficits, communication deficits, and repetitive behaviors compared with C57BL/6J (B6) mice. The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) appears to be a potential target for the improvement of behavioral, inflammatory, immune, and neurological disorders. We investigated the effects of the A2AR antagonist SCH 5826 (SCH) and agonist CGS 21680 (CGS) on IL-21, IL-22, T-bet, T-box transcription factor (T-bet), GATA3 (GATA Binding Protein 3), and CD152 (CTLA-4) expression in BTBR mice. Our results showed that BTBR mice treated with SCH had increased CD4+IL-21+, CD4+IL-22+, CD4+GATA3+, and CD4+T-bet+ and decreased CD4+CTLA-4+ expression in spleen cells compared with BTBR control mice. Moreover, CGS efficiently decreased CD4+IL-21+, CD4+IL-22+, CD4+GATA3+, and CD4+T-bet+ and increased CD4+CTLA-4 production in spleen cells compared with SCH-treated and BTBR control mice. Additionally, SCH treatment significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-21, IL-22, GATA3, and T-bet in brain tissue compared with CGS-treated and BTBR control mice. The augmented levels of IL-21/IL-22 and GATA3/T-bet could be due to altered A2AR signaling. Our results indicate that A2AR agonists may represent a new class of compounds that can be developed for use in the treatment of autistic and neuroimmune dysfunctions.

Ahmad SF ，Ansari MA ，Nadeem A ，Bakheet SA ，Almutairi MM ，Attia SM ... -  《-》