The microbiome and cancer for clinicians.

The human microbiome is an emerging target in cancer development and therapeutics. It may be directly oncogenic, through promotion of mucosal inflammation or systemic dysregulation, or may alter anti-cancer immunity/therapy. Microorganisms within, adjacent to and distant from tumors may affect cancer progression, and interactions and differences between these populations can influence the course of disease. Here we review the microbiome as it pertains to cancer for clinicians. The microbiota of cancers including colorectal, pancreas, breast and prostate are discussed. We examine "omics" technologies, microbiota associated with tumor tissue and tumor-site fluids such as feces and urine, as well as indirect effects of the gut microbiome. We describe roles of the microbiome in immunotherapy, and how it can be modulated to improve cancer therapeutics. While research is still at an early stage, there is potential to exploit the microbiome, as modulation may increase efficacy of treatments, reduce toxicities and prevent carcinogenesis.

Picardo SL ，Coburn B ，Hansen AR 《-》

Cancer and the Microbiome-Influence of the Commensal Microbiota on Cancer, Immune Responses, and Immunotherapy.

The commensal microbiota has been implicated in the regulation of a diverse array of physiological processes, both within the gastrointestinal tract and at distant tissue sites. Cancer is no exception, and distinct aspects of the microbiota have been reported to have either pro- or anti-tumor effects. The functional role of the microbiota in regulating not only mucosal but also systemic immune responses has led to investigations into the impact on cancer immunotherapies, particularly with agents targeting the immunologic checkpoints PD-1 and CTLA-4. Microbial sequencing and reconstitution of germ-free mice have indicated both positive and negative regulatory bacteria likely exist, which either promote or interfere with immunotherapy efficacy. These collective findings have led to the development of clinical trials pursuing microbiome-based therapeutic interventions, with the hope of expanding immunotherapy efficacy. This review summarizes recent knowledge about the relationship between the host microbiota and cancer and anti-tumor immune response, with implications for cancer therapy.

Matson V ，Chervin CS ，Gajewski TF 《-》

Gut microbiome and cancer immunotherapy.

Microbiome is becoming crucial in that the balance between human health and disease can be mediated by the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome can modulate the host immune system both locally and systemically. Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising way in the treatment of patients with cancer. Accumulating evidence supports that microbiome affects the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we discuss the mutual relationship among gut microbiome, cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy, with a focus on immunotherapy. Also, we briefly introduce the relevant challenges that affect the therapeutic efficacy and present the possible solutions.

Li W ，Deng Y ，Chu Q ，Zhang P ... -  《-》

Role of Microbiome in Modulating Immune Responses in Cancer.

Bose M ，Mukherjee P 《-》

Modulation of cancer immunotherapy efficacy by gut microbiota.

Huo S ，Liu L ，Liu J ，Li Q ，Wang J ... -  《-》