Irisin pretreatment ameliorates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice through activation of the Nrf2 pathway.

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious clinical event that may induce intestinal mucosal injury, whose major underlying mechanisms include reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, release of inflammatory mediators and induction of apoptosis. Irisin is considered an agent with potent protection against many pathological injures. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of irisin pretreatment on intestinal injury and explore its underlying mechanisms in a mouse model of intestinal I/R injury as well as a cell model (IEC-6 cell) of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). The results showed that irisin pretreatment ameliorated I/R and H/R-induced injury in vivo and in vitro. In addition, irisin reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin(IL)-1β and interleukin(IL)-6 in the intestine. Compared with the I/R group, irisin pretreatment effectively reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, but increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the intestine, and significantly reduced oxidative stress. Furthermore, irisin pretreatment downregulated Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 at the protein level, and increased Bcl-2 protein amounts, significantly reducing apoptosis in the intestine of I/R mice. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro results showed that irisin pretreatment significantly upregulated nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) protein. Meanwhile, Nrf2 siRNA treatment partially abrogated the protective effects of irisin pretreatment on H/R induced cellular damage, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in IEC-6 cells. These findings suggest that irisin pretreatment improves I/R-induced intestinal inflammatory response, reduces oxidative stress and inhibits apoptosis, which could be, at least partially, associated with Nrf2 pathway activation.

Du J ，Fan X ，Yang B ，Chen Y ，Liu KX ，Zhou J ... -  《-》

Salvianolic Acid A Protects Against Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Induced by Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Pathways.

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) adversely affects the intestinal mucosa. The major mechanisms of I/R are the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Salvianolic acid A (SalA) is suggested to be an effective antioxidative and antiapoptotic agent in numerous pathological injuries. The present study investigated the protective role of SalA in I/R of the intestine. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to intestinal I/R injury in vivo. In vitro experiments were performed in IEC-6 cells subjected to hypoxia/ reoxygenation (H/R) stimulation to simulate intestinal I/R. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase and glutathione peroxidase levels were measured using biochemical analysis. Apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining or flow cytometry in vivo and in vitro. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Nrf2 and proteins associated with apoptosis. The mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in vivo and in vitro. Malondialdehyde level and myeloperoxidase and glutathione peroxidase, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels group in intestinal tissue decreased significantly in the SalA pretreatment groups compared to the I/R group. SalA markedly abolished intestinal injury compared to the I/R group. SalA significantly attenuated apoptosis and increased Nrf2/HO-1 expression in vivo and in vitro. However, Nrf2 siRNA treatment partially abrogated the above mentioned effects of SalA in H/R-induced ROS and apoptosis in IEC-6 cells. The present study demonstrated that SalA ameliorated oxidation, inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alleviated apoptosis in I/R-induced injury and that these protective effects may partially occur via regulation of the Nrf2/ HO-1 pathways.

Zu G ，Zhou T ，Che N ，Zhang X ... -  《-》

Sesamin Protects against and Ameliorates Rat Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury with Involvement of Activating Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 Signaling Pathway.

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) may induce cell/tissue injuries, leading to multiple organ failure. Based on our preexperiments, we proposed that sesamin could protect against and ameliorate intestinal I/R injuries and related disorders with involvement of activating Nrf2 signaling pathway. This proposal was evaluated using SD intestinal I/R injury rats in vivo and hypoxia/reoxygenation- (H/R-) injured rat small intestinal crypt epithelial cell line (IEC-6 cells) in vitro. Sesamin significantly alleviated I/R-induced intestinal histopathological injuries and significantly reduced serum biochemical indicators ALT and AST, alleviating I/R-induced intestinal injury in rats. Sesamin also significantly reversed I/R-increased TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MPO activity in serum and MDA in tissues and I/R-decreased GSH in tissues and SOD in both tissues and IEC-6 cells, indicating its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress effects. Further, sesamin significantly decreased TUNEL-positive cells, downregulated the increased Bax and caspase-3 protein expression, upregulated the decreased protein expression of Bcl-2 in I/R-injured intestinal tissues, and significantly reversed H/R-reduced IEC-6 cell viability as well as reduced the number of apoptotic cells among H/R-injured IEC-6 cell, showing antiapoptotic effects. Activation of Nrf2 is known to ameliorate tissue/cell injuries. Consistent with sesamin-induced ameliorations of both intestinal I/R injuries and H/R injuries, transfection of Nrf2 cDNA significantly upregulated the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1, respectively. On the contrary, either Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385) or Nrf2 siRNA transfection significantly decreased the expression of these proteins. Our results suggest that activation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway is involved in sesamin-induced anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic effects in protection against and amelioration of intestinal I/R injuries.

Wang Y ，Wen J ，Almoiliqy M ，Wang Y ，Liu Z ，Yang X ，Lu X ，Meng Q ，Peng J ，Lin Y ，Sun P ... -  《-》

Protective Effect of the Total Flavonoids from Rosa laevigata Michx Fruit on Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation.

Zhao L ，Xu L ，Tao X ，Han X ，Yin L ，Qi Y ，Peng J ... -  《MOLECULES》

Role of p-MKK7 in myricetin-induced protection against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Intestinal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) may cause inflammation-, oxidative stress-, and apoptosis-related tissue injuries and facilitate bacterial infection, leading to multiple organ failure. Myricetin, a flavonoid, is found to have diverse biological effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-bacterial effects. Based on our pre-experiment, we proposed that myricetin pretreatment (25, 50mg/kg) could ameliorate intestinal I/R injury and myricetin-induced modulation on MKK7/JNK signal pathway might play a key role in the amelioration. The present study was designed to verify the proposal by using both rat intestinal I/R model in vivo and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-injured intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6 cells) model in vitro. The results confirmed our proposal. Myricetin selectively ameliorated I/R- and H/R-induced injuries in vivo and in vitro respectively without significantly affecting the corresponding normal controls. Myricetin significantly alleviated I/R-induced rat intestinal injury by reducing the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and by reducing MPO activity. Myricetin significantly reduced oxidative stress through decreasing MDA level and increasing the levels of SOD and GSH in the intestinal tissues compared with I/R control rats. Myricetin significantly decreased apoptosis by selectively down-regulating the expression of p-MKK7 and p-JNK without affecting MKK7 and JNK, inhibiting Bax, caspase-3 protein expression, and up-regulating Bcl-2 protein expression in I/R-injured jejunum of rats. In vitro study indicated that MKK7 siRNA transfection significantly decreased both MKK7 and p-MKK7 and other apoptosis-related proteins, partially simulating myricetin-induced anti-apoptotic effects. MKK7 siRNA transfection+myricetin could not further decrease MKK7, p-MKK7, and other apoptosis-related proteins, suggesting that inhibition of MKK7/JNK pathway plays a key role in myricetin-induced protection against intestinal I/R. MKK7 overexpression by cDNA transfection abrogated myricetin-reduced apoptosis-related protein expression, confirming that the MKK7/JNK signal pathway is the key target for myricetin-induced amelioration. The present study indicated that pretreatment of myricetin induced selective protection against intestinal I/R injury without significantly affecting corresponding normal controls and p-MKK7 was the key target, suggesting that myricetin is worth further translational studies.

Sun Y ，Lian M ，Lin Y ，Xu B ，Li Y ，Wen J ，Chen D ，Xu M ，Almoiliqy M ，Wang L ... -  《-》