Gingival crevicular fluid semaphorin 4D and peptidylarginine deiminase-2 levels in periodontal health and disease.

The aim of this study was to compare the levels of semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D), peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with periodontal disease and patients with healthy periodontium and investigate the effects of periodontal treatment on the levels of these molecules. GCF samples were collected from periodontally healthy controls (C group, n = 20), patients with gingivitis (G group, n = 20), and patients with chronic periodontitis (CP group, n = 20). Sampling sites were also divided into bleeding (BP) and non-bleeding (NBP) periodontal pocket groups in CP group. Full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters were also recorded. GCF samplings and clinical records were also repeated at 1 and 3 months after treatment for the CP group. SEMA4D, PAD2, and MMP-8 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The GCF SEMA4D, PAD2, and MMP-8 total amounts were similar in CP and G groups (P ˃ 0.05) but significantly greater than the C group (P ˂ 0.05). The GCF SEMA4D and PAD2 total amounts in the BP group were significantly greater than the NBP group (P ˂ 0.05). GCF MMP-8 total amounts were similar in BP and NBP groups (P ˃ 0.05). The GCF SEMA4D, PAD2, and MMP-8 total amounts were significantly reduced at first month after treatment (P ˂ 0.05). There were positive correlations between GCF total amount of SEMA4D and all clinical parameters (P ˂ 0.01) and also between PAD2 and clinical parameters (P ˂ 0.05) except clinical attachment level. There was a positive correlation between GCF total amount of SEMA4D and GCF total amount of MMP-8 (P ˂ 0.05). It may be suggested that SEMA4D and PAD2 are related to periodontal disease. Their GCF total amounts may have a diagnostic potential. Additional studies would better clarify their role in periodontal diseases.

Veyisoğlu G ，Savran L ，Narin F ，Yılmaz HE ，Avşar C ，Sağlam M ... -  《-》

Comparative evaluation of semaphorin-4D, peptidylarginine deiminase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels of gingival crevicular fluid in periodontally healthy and Stage III periodontitis smoker and non-smoker patients before and after non-surgical per

This study was designed to assess the influence of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of semaphorin-4D (SEMA-4D), peptidylarginine deiminase-2 (PAD-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels in periodontally healthy, Stage III periodontitis non-smoker and smoker patients. Sixty patients were equally divided into three groups, Group I: Periodontally healthy, Group II: Non-smokers with Stage III periodontitis, and Group III: Smokers with Stage III periodontitis. The patients underwent NSPT with clinical and biochemical parameters examined at baseline and 3 months post therapy. GCF was collected for levels of SEMA-4D, PAD-2, and MMP-8 through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Greater values of PPD (8.06 ± 0.19 mm), CAL (8.94 ± 0.19 mm), PI (2.58 ± 0.19) while lower PBI (1.39 ± 0.19%) and GI (1.72 ± 0.19) scores were seen in Group III as compared to Group II, which reduced significantly from baseline to 3 months in both the groups after NSPT. Minimum values of SEMA-4D, PAD-2, and MMP-8 levels in GCF were seen for Group I, which increased incrementally to Group II and III. Also, among Group II and III the SEMA-4D, PAD-2, and MMP-8 levels in GCF reduced from baseline to 3 months indicating a favorable response within the tissues. Greater levels in GCF of Levels of SEMA-4D, PAD-2, and MMP-8 in Group II and III, which reduced significantly post NSPT, implied that these biomarkers play a pivotal role in the inflammatory process and can be utilized for early diagnosis.

Ikhar AS ，Kolte RA ，Kolte AP ，Rathi PR ，Ghoderao DG ，Dahake RN ... -  《-》

Evaluation of galectin-3, peptidylarginine deiminase-4, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in gingival crevicular fluid for periodontal health, gingivitis, and Stage III Grade C periodontitis: A pilot study.

Comparing the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of galectin-3, peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in individuals with stage III grade C periodontitis and gingivitis and with healthy periodontium was the purpose of this clinical research. Sixty systemically healthy and non-smoker individuals consisting of stage III grade C periodontitis (group S3P/n = 20), gingivitis (group G/n = 20), and periodontally healthy (group HP/n = 20) were recruited for this research. Clinical parameters such as probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index, plaque index, and bleeding on probing were recorded in periodontal charts. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used in evaluating the GCF levels of galectin-3, PAD4, and TNF-α for study groups. The GCF galectin-3 total amount was highest in group S3P compared with group G and group HP (P <0.05). Its total amount was also higher in group G compared with group HP (P <0.05). The GCF PAD4 total amount was higher in group S3P compared with group HP (P <0.05) but was similar with group G (P >0.05). Its total amounts were also similar in group G and group HP (P >0.05). The GCF TNF-α total amounts were similar in group S3P and group G (P >0.05) but significantly greater than the group HP (P ˂0.05). The GCF galectin-3, PAD4, and TNF-α concentrations were lower in the group S3P and group G compared with the group HP (P <0.05). There were significant positive correlations between GCF galectin-3 total amount and all clinical parameters (P ˂0.01) and also between GCF galectin-3 and TNF-α total amounts (P ˂0.01). There was no correlation between PAD4 and clinical parameters, or between PAD4 and TNF-α (P >0.05). Galectin-3 and PAD4 may be involved in the periodontal disease pathogenesis considering the elevated levels of these molecules in periodontal disease. These biomarkers may be used in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases.

Akkaya HÜ ，Yılmaz HE ，Narin F ，Sağlam M ... -  《-》

Gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7, extracellular MMP inducer, and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 levels in periodontal disease.

Emingil G ，Tervahartiala T ，Mãntylã P ，Määttä M ，Sorsa T ，Atilla G ... -  《JOURNAL OF PERIODONTOLOGY》

Evaluation of gingival crevicular fluid cyclophilin a and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer levels in different periodontal diseases.

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is able to regulate inflammatory responses and matrix metalloproteinase production via its interaction with extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN). EMMPRIN is the cell surface receptor of CypA. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) CypA and EMMPRIN levels in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP) and periodontally healthy controls. Twenty CP patients, 19 G-AgP patients and 20 healthy control subjects were included in the present study. All study participants were non-smokers. Full mouth clinical periodontal parameters including probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, and papilla bleeding index were recorded. GCF CypA and EMMPRIN levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed statistically with parametric and non-parametric tests. GCF CypA total amount was higher in the G-AgP group compared to healthy controls (p<0.05), whereas CypA total amounts were similar in CP and healthy controls (p>0.05). No significant difference in GCF CypA total amount between CP and G-AgP was observed (p>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in GCF EMMPRIN total amounts among the study groups (p>0.05). Higher levels of GCF CypA in patients with G-AgP might demonstrate that CypA is associated with the inflammatory infiltrate and alveolar bone destruction of G-AgP. However, GCF CypA level does not seem to be affected by CP. Similar GCF EMMPRIN levels in diseased and healthy groups might suggest that EMMPRIN has role in the turn over of connective tissues in physiological conditions as well as pathological state.

Eren G ，Türkoğlu O ，Atmaca H ，Atilla G ... -  《-》