Urinary phthalate metabolite and bisphenol A levels in the Korean adult population in association with sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2012-2014.
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have been used in a variety of consumer products and are detected widely in both humans and the environment. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics that affect exposure to these chemicals have been investigated among several general populations; however, nationally-representative population-based studies are limited to Canada, Germany, and the USA. Moreover, relatively little is known about the socio-demographic characteristics that influence exposure to these chemicals among nationally representative populations of Asia.
Data are obtained from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012-2014). In total, 6,478 adults (aged 19 and older) were recruited and sampled for urinary levels of major phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A. In addition, demographic and socio-economic parameters were determined from questionnaire data and the characteristics associated with urinary concentrations of the target chemicals were assessed.
Urinary levels of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) metabolites of Korean adults were generally higher, but those of mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) were lower, and BPA were similar or higher than those reported from national biomonitoring programs in the United States and Canada. Similar to other nationally representative populations, females and older adults showed higher creatinine-adjusted phthalate metabolite and BPA levels among the Korean population. Meanwhile, monthly household income and education were negatively associated with urinary phthalate metabolites. Among personal care products, nail polish use was positively associated with both phthalate metabolites and BPA concentrations in urine.
Our observations based on a nationally representative population of Korea show that socio-demographic determinants for these urinary chemicals vary by country, and should be considered for developing appropriate mitigation measures and policies.
Park C
，Hwang M
，Baek Y
，Jung S
，Lee Y
，Paek D
，Choi K
... -
《-》
Associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A levels, and serum thyroid hormones among the Korean adult population - Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2012-2014.
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have been used extensively in many consumer products, resulting in widespread exposure in the general population. Studies have suggested associations between exposure to phthalates and BPA, and serum thyroid hormone levels, but confirmation on larger human populations is warranted.
Data obtained from nationally representative Korean adults (n=6003) recruited for the second round of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS), 2012-2014, were employed. Three di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites, along with benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBzP) and di-butyl phthalate (DBP) metabolites, and BPA were measured in subjects' urine. Thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in serum. The associations between urinary phthalates or BPA and thyroid hormone levels were determined.
Urinary phthalate metabolites were generally associated with lowered total T4 or T3, or increased TSH levels in serum. Interquartile range (IQR) increases of mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) were associated with a 3.7% increase of TSH, and a 1.7% decrease of total T4 levels, respectively. When grouped by sex, urinary MEHHP levels were inversely associated with T4 only among males. Among females, mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) levels were inversely associated with TSH and T3, respectively. In addition, negative association between BPA and TSH was observed.
Several phthalates and BPA exposures were associated with altered circulatory thyroid hormone levels among general Korean adult population. Considering the importance of thyroid hormones, public health implications of such alteration warrant further studies.
Park C
，Choi W
，Hwang M
，Lee Y
，Kim S
，Yu S
，Lee I
，Paek D
，Choi K
... -
《-》
Phthalate and bisphenol A exposure among pregnant women in Canada--results from the MIREC study.
Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are endocrine disruptors possibly linked to adverse reproductive and neurodevelopmental outcomes. These chemicals have commonly been measured in urine in population surveys; however, such data are limited for large populations of pregnant women, especially for the critical first trimester of pregnancy. The aim of the study was to measure BPA and phthalate metabolites in first trimester urine samples collected in a large national-scale pregnancy cohort study and to identify major predictors of exposure. Approximately 2000 women were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy from ten sites across Canada. A questionnaire was administered to obtain demographic and socio-economic data on participants and a spot urine sample was collected and analyzed for total BPA (GC-MS/MS) and 11 phthalate metabolites (LC-MS/MS). The geometric mean (GM) maternal urinary concentration of total BPA, uncorrected for specific gravity, was 0.80 (95% CI 0.76-0.85) μg/L. Almost 88% of the women had detectable urinary concentrations of BPA. An analysis of urinary concentrations of BPA by maternal characteristics with specific gravity as a covariate in the linear model showed that the geometric mean concentrations: (1) decreased with increasing maternal age, (2) were higher in current smokers or women who quit during pregnancy compared to never smokers, and (3) tended to be higher in women who provided a fasting urine sample and who were born in Canada, and had lower incomes and education. Several of the phthalate metabolites analyzed were not prevalent in this population (MCHP, MMP, MiNP, MOP), with percentages detectable at less than 15%. The phthalate metabolites with the highest measured concentrations were MEP (GM: 32.02 μg/L) and MnBP (GM: 11.59 μg/L). MBzP urinary concentrations decreased with maternal age but did not differ by time of urine collection; whereas the DEHP metabolites tended to be higher in older women and when the urine was collected later in the day. This study provides the first biomonitoring results for the largest population of pregnant women sampled in the first trimester of pregnancy. The results indicate that exposure among this population of pregnant women to these chemicals is comparable to or even lower than that observed in a Canadian national population-based survey.
Arbuckle TE
，Davis K
，Marro L
，Fisher M
，Legrand M
，LeBlanc A
，Gaudreau E
，Foster WG
，Choeurng V
，Fraser WD
，MIREC Study Group
... -
《-》
Associations of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A, and parabens with obesity and diabetes mellitus in a Korean adult population: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015-2017.
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have been suspected as risk factors for obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) among humans. However, associations between phthalates and environmental phenols are often inconsistent across different populations. In this study, we recruited the adult population (n = 3782) of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015-2017 (Cycle 3) and assessed the associations between urinary biomarkers of phthalate, BPA, and paraben exposure with obesity and DM. A potential collider issue with the use of urinary creatinine (Cr) or specific gravity (SG) exists when adjusting urinary dilution; therefore, a covariate-adjusted standardization (CAS) was employed for adjustment, and the results were compared. In the present population, the direction of the association often varied depending on the choices made to adjust urinary dilution. When using CAS, the direction of association resembled those of previously reported experimental observations. With Cr or SG adjustment, ORs for obesity decreased in the highest quartiles of monocarboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP) [OR (95% CI) = Cr: 0.71 (0.54, 0.93); SG: 0.68 (0.52, 0.90)], monocarboxy-isononyl phthalate (MCNP) [OR (95% CI) = Cr: 0.67 (0.52, 0.87); SG: 0.68 (0.52, 0.89)], and mono(3-carboxylpropyl) phthalate (MCPP) in the urine [OR (95% CI) = Cr: 0.60 (0.47, 0.76); SG: 0.61 (0.48, 0.77)]; however, with CAS, these negative associations disappeared. Instead, mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) [OR (95% CI) = 1.31 (1.03, 1.66)], BPA [OR (95% CI) = 1.62 (1.27, 2.06)], or ethyl paraben (EtP) [OR (95% CI) = 1.51 (1.19, 1.91)] concentrations in the highest quartile showed positive associations with a higher risk of obesity. On the other hand, for DM, an overall decrease in ORs was observed for phthalate metabolites and BPA following SG adjustment and disappeared with CAS adjustment. In addition, the highest quartiles of BPA, methyl paraben (MeP), and ethyl paraben (EtP) showed a significantly higher risk of DM than those in the lowest quartiles following CAS [OR (95% CI) = BPA: 1.65 (1.06, 2.59); MeP: 1.68 (1.08, 2.60); and EtP: 2.74 (1.77, 4.24), respectively]. The present observations outline the importance of using an appropriate adjustment method for urinary dilution in association studies on obesity and DM. In addition, several phthalates, BPA, and parabens were identified as potential chemical risk factors for these outcomes. Further studies are warranted in other populations to confirm these observations.
Lee I
，Park YJ
，Kim MJ
，Kim S
，Choi S
，Park J
，Cho YH
，Hong S
，Yoo J
，Park H
，Cheon GJ
，Choi K
，Moon MK
... -
《-》
ResearchGate
(全网免费下载)
钛学术
(全网免费下载)
