Allicin Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion in Vitro and in Vivo via SHP-1-Mediated STAT3 Signaling in Cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant tumor that is resistant to chemotherapy, so new therapeutic agents are needed. Allicin which is rapidly converted from allin by allinase, is one of the most biologically active compounds in freshly crushed garlic and has been shown to have strong anti-tumor effects. Our aim was to explore the molecular mechanism by which allicin affects the cell proliferation and invasion of CCA. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured using the CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry. Cell migration and invasion were evaluated by wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. The expression of several proteins involved in cell apoptosis and invasion were assessed by Western blot. The activation of STAT3 signaling was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The involvement of SHP-1 was determined using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Moreover, a nude mouse model of human CCA was established to assess the anti-tumor effects of allicin in vivo. Allicin significantly suppressed CCA cell proliferation by activating the caspase cascade, inducing apoptosis, and reducing the expression of proteins downstream of STAT3, such as B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), while upregulating Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein. In addition, allicin inhibited the migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CCA cells. Moreover, the protein expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly downregulated in CCA cells treated with allicin compared with CCA cells treated with control. Mechanistic investigations indicated that allicin upregulated SHP-1 expression in CCA, and pervanadate treatment reversed the allicin-induced downregulation of STAT3. Moreover, suppression of SHP-1 by siRNA overturned the effect of allicin on the induction of SHP-1 and inhibition of STAT3 activation. Additionally, treatment with allicin attenuated tumor growth in the nude mouse model of CCA. Our findings suggest that allicin suppresses cell proliferation and invasion via STAT3 signaling and may be a potential therapeutic agent for CCA.

Chen H ，Zhu B ，Zhao L ，Liu Y ，Zhao F ，Feng J ，Jin Y ，Sun J ，Geng R ，Wei Y ... -  《-》

Induction of phosphatase shatterproof 2 by evodiamine suppresses the proliferation and invasion of human cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is one of the most common fatal carcinomas and is well known to be lack of effective treatment. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies are greatly needed. Evodiamine, a quinozole alkaloid isolated from evodia rutaecarpa Bentham, has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-tumor effects on many cancer cells. However, little is known in terms of the effects on cholangiocarcinoma. In this study, we studied whether this traditional Chinese Medicine could serve as new potential therapeutic drugs to treat CCA. We discovered that evodiamine inhibited CCA cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Moreover, evodiamine inhibited CCA cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, our studies demonstrated that evodiamine inhibited the activation of IL-6 -induced STAT3 signaling activation, and the inhibitory effect was likely due to the upregulation of phosphatase shatterproof 2 (SHP-2), a negative feedback regulator of IL-6/STAT3. Blockage of SHP-2 through small interference RNA (siRNA) abolished the evodiamine -induced IL-6/STAT3 signaling inhibition. Moreover, in vivo experiment showed evodiamine inhibited the tumor growth of nude mice bearing TFK-1 xenografts. In summary, our results implied evodiamine as a promising anti-cancer agent in the treatment of CCA, and the mechanism is likely due to the inhibition of IL-6/STAT3 signaling with upregulating the expression levels of SHP-2.

Zhu B ，Zhao L ，Liu Y ，Jin Y ，Feng J ，Zhao F ，Sun J ，Geng R ，Wei Y ... -  《-》

Arsenic trioxide attenuates STAT-3 activity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through induction of SHP-1 in gastric cancer cells.

Kim SH ，Yoo HS ，Joo MK ，Kim T ，Park JJ ，Lee BJ ，Chun HJ ，Lee SW ，Bak YT ... -  《BMC CANCER》

Verbascoside Inhibits Glioblastoma Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion While Promoting Apoptosis Through Upregulation of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-1 and Inhibition of STAT3 Phosphorylation.

As a natural antioxidant, verbascoside (VB) is proved to be a promising method for the treatment of oxidative-stress-related neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of VB on glioblastoma cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion as well as the mechanism involving signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1). U87 cells were assigned to different treatments. The MTT assay was used to test cell proliferation, flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis, and a Transwell assay was used for cell migration and invasion. We analyzed the glioblastoma tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Western blot analysis was employed to determine the protein expression of related genes. Glioblastoma cells exhibited decreased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and increased apoptosis when treated with VB or TMZ. Western blot analysis revealed elevated SHP-1 expression and reduced phosphorylated (p)-STAT3 expression in glioblastoma cells treated with VB compared with controls. Correspondingly, in a xenograft mouse model treated with VB, glioblastoma tumor volume and growth were decreased. Glioblastoma xenograft tumors treated with VB showed elevated SHP-1, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP expression and reduced p-STAT3, Bcl-2, survivin, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression. siRNA-SHP-1 inhibited the VB effects on glioblastoma. This study demonstrates that VB inhibits glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoting apoptosis via SHP-1 activation and inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation.

Jia WQ ，Wang ZT ，Zou MM ，Lin JH ，Li YH ，Zhang L ，Xu RX ... -  《-》

Cryptotanshinone induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through the JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt/NFκB pathways in cholangiocarcinoma cells.

Ke F ，Wang Z ，Song X ，Ma Q ，Hu Y ，Jiang L ，Zhang Y ，Liu Y ，Zhang Y ，Gong W ... -  《-》