From Autotransplantation to Allotransplantation: A Perspective on the Future of Reconstructive Microsurgery.

It has been half a century since Susumu Tamai reported on the first thumb replantation. The evolution of reconstructive microsurgery has continually added new applications of the operating microscope for reconstructive surgery and has had profound impact on countless patients. From the time of Harold Gillies until today, the reconstructive ladder has evolved to a reconstructive elevator with the "penthouse" floor being represented by vascularized composite allotransplantation.

Levin LS 《-》

The reconstructive microsurgery ladder in orthopaedics.

Since the advent of the operating microscope by Julius Jacobson in 1960, reconstructive microsurgery has become an integral part of extremity reconstruction and orthopaedics. During World War I, with the influx of severe extremity trauma Harold Gillies introduced the concept of the reconstructive ladder for wound closure. The concept of the reconstructive ladder goes from simple to complex means of attaining wound closure. Over the last half century microsurgery has continued to evolve and progress. We now have a microsurgical reconstructive ladder. The microsurgical reconstruction ladder is based upon the early work on revascularization and replantation extending through the procedures that are described in this article.

Tintle SM ，Levin LS 《-》

From Auto- to Allotransplantation: Immunomodulatory Protocol for Hand and Arm Transplantation.

 To achieve a favorable risk-benefit balance for hand transplantation, an immunomodulatory protocol was developed in the laboratory and translated to clinical application.  Following donor bone marrow infusion into transplant recipients, hand and arm allografts have been maintained on low-dose tacrolimus monotherapy.  Good-to-excellent functional recovery has been achieved in patients compliant with medication and therapy, thus restoring autonomous and productive lives.  The risk-benefit balance can be tilted in favor of the hand transplant recipients by using an immunomodulatory protocol with minimum immunosuppression.

Lee WPA ，Shores JT ，Brandacher G 《-》

The seventh congress of the Chinese Society of Microsurgery.

Hou CL ，Chang SM ，Zhang F 《-》

The reconstructive clockwork of the twenty-first century: an extension of the concept of the reconstructive ladder and reconstructive elevator.

Knobloch K ，Vogt PM 《-》