Alternative Host Models for Testing Anti-Protozoal or Antifungal Compounds and Fungal Infection.

The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are caused by several parasites, fungi, bacteria and viruses and affect more than one billion people in the world. The control and prevention against NTDs need implementation of alternative methods for testing new compounds against these diseases. For the implementation of alternative methods, it is necessary to apply the principles of replacement, reduction and refinement (the 3Rs) for the use of laboratory animals. Accordingly, the present review addressed a variety of alternative models to study the infections caused by protozoa and fungi. Overall, vertebrate and invertebrate models of fungal infection have been used to elucidate host-pathogen interactions. However, until now the insect model has not been used in protozoal studies as an alternative method, but there is interest in the scientific community to try new tools to screen alternative drugs to control and prevent protozoal infections.

Torrecilhas AC ，Xander P ，Ferreira KS ，Batista WL ... -  《-》

Neglected tropical diseases: diagnosis, clinical management, treatment and control.

Utzinger J ，Becker SL ，Knopp S ，Blum J ，Neumayr AL ，Keiser J ，Hatz CF ... -  《-》

The potential of secondary metabolites from plants as drugs or leads against protozoan neglected diseases - part II.

Schmidt TJ ，Khalid SA ，Romanha AJ ，Alves TM ，Biavatti MW ，Brun R ，Da Costa FB ，de Castro SL ，Ferreira VF ，de Lacerda MV ，Lago JH ，Leon LL ，Lopes NP ，das Neves Amorim RC ，Niehues M ，Ogungbe IV ，Pohlit AM ，Scotti MT ，Setzer WN ，de N C Soeiro M ，Steindel M ，Tempone AG ... -  《-》

The potential of secondary metabolites from plants as drugs or leads against protozoan neglected diseases - part I.

Schmidt TJ ，Khalid SA ，Romanha AJ ，Alves TM ，Biavatti MW ，Brun R ，Da Costa FB ，de Castro SL ，Ferreira VF ，de Lacerda MV ，Lago JH ，Leon LL ，Lopes NP ，das Neves Amorim RC ，Niehues M ，Ogungbe IV ，Pohlit AM ，Scotti MT ，Setzer WN ，de N C Soeiro M ，Steindel M ，Tempone AG ... -  《-》

Privileged small molecules against neglected tropical diseases: A perspective from structure activity relationships.

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) comprise diverse infections with more incidence in tropical/sub-tropical areas. In spite of preventive and therapeutic achievements, NTDs are yet serious threats to the public health. Epidemiological reports of world health organization (WHO) indicate that more than 1.5 billion people are afflicted with at least one NTD type. Among NTDs, leishmaniasis, chagas disease (CD) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) result in substantial morbidity and death, particularly within impoverished countries. The statistical facts call for robust efforts to manage the NTDs. Currently, most of the anti-NTD drugs are engaged with drug resistance, lack of efficient vaccines, limited spectrum of pharmacological effect and adverse reactions. To circumvent the issue, numerous scientific efforts have been directed to the synthesis and pharmacological development of chemical compounds as anti-infectious agents. A survey of the anti-NTD agents reveals that the majority of them possess privileged nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen-based heterocyclic structures. In this review, recent achievements in anti-infective small molecules against parasitic NTDs are described, particularly from the SAR (Structure activity relationship) perspective. We also explore current advocating strategies to extend the scope of anti-NTD agents.

Abbasi Shiran J ，Kaboudin B ，Panahi N ，Razzaghi-Asl N ... -  《-》