Effects of postoperative pain management educational interventions on the outcomes of parents and their children who underwent an inpatient elective surgery: A randomized controlled trial.

To examine the effects of a postoperative pain management educational intervention on the outcomes of parents and their children who underwent inpatient elective surgery. Equipping parents with knowledge and skills to manage their children's postoperative pains is essential. Very limited studies have examined the effects of educational interventions on parents' knowledge, attitudes and use of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain relief methods. Three-group pre- and post-test randomized controlled trial. Parent-child pairs (N = 152) were recruited from September 2013-January 2015 and randomly assigned to either the control group or one of the two intervention groups. Valid and reliable instruments and diary entries were used to collect data at the baseline, 6, 12 and 24 hr and 2 weeks after the surgery. IBM SPSS 23.0 was used to analyse the data. Parents reported moderate levels of knowledge, attitudes, pain relief methods used and children's postoperative pain. Except for parents' knowledge, types and frequencies of non-pharmacological methods used, there were no statistically significant differences among the three groups in parents' attitudes on pain management and pain medication, their uses of pain relief strategies (questionnaire data), satisfaction with postoperative pain management and children's worst postoperative pain in 2 weeks after surgery. Education seemed effective in improving parents' knowledge and use of non-pharmacological methods, but not attitudes, satisfaction with pain management and children's postoperative pain. Future studies are needed to develop modern digitalized ways for educating and supporting parents to optimize their children's postoperative pain management. This study has been registered with BioMed Central Ltd. (Registration No.: ISRCTN24910957).

Zhu L ，Chan WS ，Liam JLW ，Xiao C ，Lim ECC ，Luo N ，Cheng KFK ，He HG ... -  《-》

A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of an educational intervention on outcomes of parents and their children undergoing inpatient elective surgery: study protocol.

To report a study protocol that tests the effectiveness of an educational intervention on outcomes of parents and their children who undergo inpatient elective surgery. Inadequate children's postoperative pain management remains a global problem. Parents are required to be involved in their child's pain assessment and management, yet they often lack relevant knowledge and skills. Education is an effective strategy for enhancing a person's knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. However, few studies have examined its effectiveness in parents and their children undergoing inpatient elective surgery. Randomized controlled trial and embedded qualitative process evaluation. One hundred and sixty-two pairs of participants (each comprised of one parent and his/her child undergoing inpatient elective surgery) will be recruited (protocol approved in January 2013). Participants will be randomized to either a Control group (routine care), an Intervention group 1 (routine care and an educational intervention with face-to-face teaching), or an Intervention group 2 (routine care and an educational intervention without face-to-face teaching). Outcome measures will include parents' knowledge, attitude and behaviour related to postoperative pain management; their child's postoperative pain; and parents' satisfaction with their child's pain management at baseline and around 6, 12 and 24 hours after the operation. A standardized educational intervention protocol and detailed study procedure have been developed in this study to improve parents' knowledge, attitude and behaviour related to postoperative pain management and reduce their child's postoperative pain.

He HG ，Zhu L ，Chan WC ，Xiao C ，Klainin-Yobas P ，Wang W ，Cheng KF ，Luo N ... -  《-》

Parents' knowledge, attitudes, use of pain relief methods and satisfaction related to their children's postoperative pain management: a descriptive correlational study.

To examine parents' knowledge about and attitudes towards pain management, use of pain relief strategies and satisfaction with their children's postoperative pain management, as well as the relationships among these variables. Children's postoperative pain is inadequately managed worldwide. Despite increasing emphasis on parental involvement in children's postoperative pain management, few studies have examined parents' management of their child's postoperative pain in Singapore. A descriptive correlational study. A convenience sample of 60 parents having 6- to 14-year-old children undergoing inpatient elective surgery in a public hospital in Singapore was recruited. Data were collected one day after each child's surgery using the Pain Management Knowledge and Attitudes questionnaire and the Parents' Use of Pain Relief Strategies questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used for data analyses. Parents displayed moderate levels of knowledge, attitudes and use of pain relief methods in relation to their children's postoperative pain and pain management. They were generally satisfied with the management of their child's postoperative pain. There was significant difference in Parents' Use of Pain Relief Strategies scores between parents with and without previous experience of caring for their hospitalised child. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between parents' knowledge and attitude, knowledge and satisfaction, attitude and satisfaction, knowledge and pain relief strategies, as well as attitude and pain relief strategies. This study indicates the need to provide parents with more information regarding their children's postoperative pain management. Future studies are needed to develop educational interventions for parents to improve their knowledge and attitudes, which will eventually improve their use of pain relief strategies for their children. Health professionals need to provide more information to equip parents with knowledge and skills regarding paediatric postoperative pain management.

Chng HY ，He HG ，Chan SW ，Liam JL ，Zhu L ，Cheng KK ... -  《-》

The effect of an educational pre-operative DVD on parents' and children's outcomes after a same-day surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

To examine the effect of a pre-operative DVD on parents' knowledge, participation and anxiety and on children's distress, pain, analgesic requirements and length of recovery after same-day surgery. Very few parents are adequately prepared to participate in their child's care during a same-day surgery. An educational DVD was developed to educate parents on how to actively support their child in the recovery room. Single-blind, post-test randomized controlled trial. Study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02766452. Between September 2011-September 2012, 123 parent-child dyads where the child underwent an ENT or dental same-day surgery were recruited in a Canadian paediatric hospital. Dyads were randomly assigned to either the intervention (DVD and standard preparation) or control group (standard preparation). Parents and children were videotaped in the recovery room where parental participation and anxiety and children's distress were measured. Data on parents' knowledge, children's postoperative pain, analgesic requirements and length of recovery were measured. Independent and paired t-tests, chi square and repeated measures anova were used to analyse the data. Parents in the intervention group gained greater knowledge of and used more positive reinforcement and distraction and relaxation methods than those in the control group. Children's postoperative pain in the day-care surgery unit was significantly lower among the intervention group compared with the control group. A pre-operative DVD can increase parents' participation in the recovery room and decrease children's postoperative pain.

Chartrand J ，Tourigny J ，MacCormick J 《-》

Chinese parent's use of nonpharmacological methods in children's postoperative pain relief.

He HG ，Pölkki T ，Pietilä AM ，Vehviläinen-Julkunen K ... -  《SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF CARING SCIENCES》