Checkpoint inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): Where to go from here.

Advances in cancer immunotherapy and a growing body of research have focused on the role of the antitumor response in breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most immunogenic breast cancer subtype, and there is strong evidence that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in TNBC have prognostic value and are associated with clinical outcome and improved survival. Evading antitumor immunity is a hallmark for the development and progression of cancer. Immunotherapy studies have focused on the role of the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway in maintaining immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has emerged as a promising therapeutic option to enhance antitumor immunity and is actively being investigated in TNBC, with encouraging results. In this article, the authors review the current literature on checkpoint inhibitors in TNBC with a focus on PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies and discuss combination strategies and novel approaches for improving antitumor immunity and clinical outcome. Cancer 2018;124:2086-103. © 2018 American Cancer Society.

Kwa MJ ，Adams S 《-》

Significance of evaluating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in breast cancer.

Kurozumi S ，Fujii T ，Matsumoto H ，Inoue K ，Kurosumi M ，Horiguchi J ，Kuwano H ... -  《-》

PD-1/PD-L1 counterattack alliance: multiple strategies for treating triple-negative breast cancer.

Despite extensive research into adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a common breast cancer (BC) subtype with poor prognosis. Given that it has higher immune cell infiltration, theoretically, it should be a protagonist of potential BC immunotherapies. However, only mild responses have been observed in monotherapy with anti-programmed death receptor-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) antibodies. In this review, we reappraise PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor combination immunotherapy and effective experimental compounds, focusing the level of PD-L1 expression, neoantigens, abnormal signaling pathways, and tumor microenvironment signatures, to provide guidance for future clinical trials based on the molecular mechanisms involved.

Zhu H ，Du C ，Yuan M ，Fu P ，He Q ，Yang B ，Cao J ... -  《-》

NPM1 upregulates the transcription of PD-L1 and suppresses T cell activity in triple-negative breast cancer.

Qin G ，Wang X ，Ye S ，Li Y ，Chen M ，Wang S ，Qin T ，Zhang C ，Li Y ，Long Q ，Hu H ，Shi D ，Li J ，Zhang K ，Zhai Q ，Tang Y ，Kang T ，Lan P ，Xie F ，Lu J ，Deng W ... -  《Nature Communications》

The therapeutic candidate for immune checkpoint inhibitors elucidated by the status of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Tomioka N ，Azuma M ，Ikarashi M ，Yamamoto M ，Sato M ，Watanabe KI ，Yamashiro K ，Takahashi M ... -  《-》