"Good Fashion is Evolution, Not Revolution" - Methods to Enhance Existing Anticancer Medicines, Primarily with the Use of Transition Metal.
The constant search for successful cancer therapies lasts for decades. Apart from the huge scientific effort and enormous sum of spent money, only a small amount of newly developed medicines move into clinical use (only 94 registered anticancer drugs in the last 12 years). Anticancer regimes are still overcome by drugs invented over 50 years ago such as cisplatin and doxorubicin. Significant progress in the development of improved anticancer drugs was made due to multiple studies on the relationship between the molecular structure of chemical compounds and their cytostatic activity. A number of ligands (mainly organic) with quite effective anticancer properties are known, but they show insufficient activity, selectivity and multidrug resistance. Formation of transition metal - ligand complexes (with proven anticancer effect) changes the properties of the latter. The factors that affect the cytotoxic properties of metal complexes are: the type of ligand and metal, the nature of the connection between metal and ligand, and the distribution of electronic charge density in the formed complexes. Here, we report the recent efforts to improve existing compounds with confirmed anticancer activity. They seem to be unappreciated as their effects appear to be less spectacular than that of targeted anticancer drugs (i.e. based on antibodies or small RNAs).
Guzowska M
，Kalinowska M
，Lewandowski W
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Computer-aided drug design and virtual screening of targeted combinatorial libraries of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes of 2-butanone thiosemicarbazone.
The present paper deals with in silico evaluation of 32 virtually designed transition metal complexes of 2-butanone thiosemicarbazone and N,S,O containing donor hetero-ligands namely py, bpy, furan, thiophene, 2-picoline, 1,10-phenanthroline, piperazine and liquid ammonia. The complexes were designed with a view to assess their potential anticancer, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) properties of the chosen ligands were calculated by admetSAR software. Metabolic sites of different ligands likely to undergo metabolism were predicted using Metaprint 2D. The proposed complexes were also evaluated for their drug-like quality based on Lipinski's, Veber, Ghose and leadlikeness filters. Druglikeness and toxicity potential were predicted by OSIRIS property explorer. The pharmacokinetic properties and bioactivity scores were calculated by Molinspiration tool. Bioactivity scores of the complexes were predicted for drug targets including enzymes, nuclear receptors, kinase inhibitors, G-protein coupled receptor ligands and ion channel modulators. Molecular docking of selected Fe(II) mixed-ligand complexes was performed using AutoDock version 4.2.6 and i-GEMDOCK version 2.1 with two target proteins namely Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) and Topoisomerase II (Topo II). The results were compared with three standard reference drugs viz. Doxorubicin HCl, Letrozole (anticancer) and Tetracycline (antibiotic). Multivariate data obtained were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) for visualization and projection as scatter and 3D plots. Positive results obtained for hetero-ligands using admetSAR version 1.0 indicated good absorption and transport kinetics of the hetero-ligand complexes through the human intestine and blood-brain barrier. The hetero-ligands were predicted to have no associated mutagenic effect(s) also. However, none of the hetero-ligands was predicted to be Caco-2 (human colon cancer cell line) permeable. Most of the hetero-ligands and the parent ligand (2-butanone thiosemicarbazone) were predicted to undergo Phase-I metabolism prior to excretion using MetaPrint2D software. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the proposed complexes revealed that all complexes displayed drug-like character and were predicted to have no apparent toxic side-effects. All the proposed complexes showed moderate to good biological activity scores (-5.0 to 0.0). Mixed complexes with bpy, 2-picoline and 1,10-phenanthroline showed significant bioactivity scores (as enzyme inhibitors) in the range 0.02-0.13. Likewise, good docking scores were obtained for Fe (II) complexes with the same ligands. [FeL(2-pic)2] displayed the lowest binding energy (-6.47 kcal/mol) with respect to Topo II followed by [FeL(py)2] (-6.14 kcal/mol) as calculated by AutoDock version 4.2.6. With respect to binding with RR, [FeL(2--pic)2] again displayed the lowest binding energy (-7.21 kcal/mol) followed by [FeL(py)2] (-5.96 kcal/mol). On the basis of docking predictions and various other computational evaluations, four mixed-ligand complexes of Fe in +2 oxidation state with py, bpy, 2--picoline and 1,10-phenanthroline were synthesized with 2-butanone thiosemicarbazone. All the synthesized Fe complexes were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques and tested for their potential anticancer activity in vitro against human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB 231 and human lung carcinoma cell line A549 cell line using MTT assay. [FeL(2-pic)2], [FeL(bpy)], and [FeL(py)2] were found to exhibit significant antiproliferative activity with IC50 values in the range of 80-100 μM against breast and lung cancer cells. The synthesized Fe complexes also displayed mild antioxidant activities. The synthesized and studied Fe complexes have the potential for development into future anticancer agents if analyzed and modified further for improvement of their ADMET, solubility and permeability criteria set for potential drug-candidates.
Khan T
，Ahmad R
，Azad I
，Raza S
，Joshi S
，Khan AR
... -
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Homo and heteromultimetallic complexes containing a group 8 transition metal and μ-diphosphine bridging ligands involved in anticancer research: A review.
Herein, we present a comprehensive review focusing on synthetic strategies, detailed structural analysis, and anticancer activity investigations of complexes following the general formula [LnM(μ-diphosphine)M'Lm] where M = group 8 metal; M' = any transition metal; μ-diphosphine = bridging ligand; Ln and Lm = ligand spheres). Both homo- and heteromultimetallic complexes will be discussed in detail. We review in vitro, in vivo and in silico anticancer activity investigations, in an attempt to draw comparisons between the various complexes and derive structure-activity relationships (SAR). This review solely focuses on complexes falling under the general formula stated above that have been studied for their anticancer activities, other complexes falling into that scheme but which have not undergone anticancer testing are not included in this review. We compare the anticancer activities of these complexes to their mononuclear counterparts, and a positive control (cisplatin) when possible and present a summary of all existing data to date and attempt to draw some conclusions on the future development of these complexes.
Roufosse B
，Serbu C
，Marschner C
，Prince S
，Blom B
... -
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An Insight into the Effect of Schiff Base and their d and f Block Metal Complexes on Various Cancer Cell Lines as Anticancer Agents: A Review.
Over the last few decades, an alarming rise in the percentage of individuals with cancer and those with multi-resistant illnesses has forced researchers to explore possibilities for novel therapeutic approaches. Numerous medications currently exist to treat various disorders, and the development of small molecules as anticancer agents has considerable potential. However, the widespread prevalence of resistance to multiple drugs in cancer indicates that it is necessary to discover novel and promising compounds with ideal characteristics that could overcome the multidrug resistance issue. The utilisation of metallo-drugs has served as a productive anticancer chemotherapeutic method, and this approach may be implemented for combating multi-resistant tumours more successfully. Schiff bases have been receiving a lot of attention as a group of compounds due to their adaptable metal chelating abilities, innate biologic properties, and versatility to tweak the structure to optimise it for a specific biological purpose. The biological relevance of Schiff base and related complexes, notably their anticancer effects, has increased in their popularity as bio-inorganic chemistry has progressed. As a result of learning about Schiff bases antitumor efficacy against multiple cancer cell lines and their complexes, researchers are motivated to develop novel, side-effect-free anticancer treatments. According to study reports from the past ten years, we are still seeking a powerful anticancer contender. This study highlights the potential of Schiff bases, a broad class of chemical molecules, as potent anticancer agents. In combination with other anticancer strategies, they enhance the efficacy of treatment by elevating the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy, surmounting drug resistance, and promoting targeted therapy. Schiff bases also cause cancer cell DNA repair, improve immunotherapy, prevent angiogenesis, cause apoptosis, and lessen the side effects of chemotherapy. The present review explores the development of potential Schiff base and their d and f block metal complexes as anticancer agents against various cancer cell lines.
Presenjit
，Chaturvedi S
，Singh A
，Gautam D
，Singh K
，Mishra AK
... -
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ResearchGate
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钛学术
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