A novel approach in acidic disinfection through inhibition of acid resistance mechanisms; Maleic acid-mediated inhibition of glutamate decarboxylase activity enhances acid sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes.

Here it is demonstrated a novel approach in disinfection regimes where specific molecular acid resistance systems are inhibited aiming to eliminate microorganisms under acidic conditions. Despite the importance of the Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) system for survival of Listeria monocytogenes and other pathogens under acidic conditions, its potential inhibition by specific compounds that could lead to its elimination from foods or food preparation premises has not been studied. The effects of maleic acid on the acid resistance of L. monocytogenes were investigated and found that it has a higher antimicrobial activity under acidic conditions than other organic acids, while this could not be explained by its pKa or Ka values. The effects were found to be more pronounced on strains with higher GAD activity. Maleic acid affected the extracellular GABA levels while it did not affect the intracellular ones. Maleic acid had a major impact mainly on GadD2 activity as also shown in cell lysates. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that maleic acid is able to partly remove biofilms of L. monocytogenes. Maleic acid is able to inhibit the GAD of L. monocytogenes significantly enhancing its sensitivity to acidic conditions and together with its ability to remove biofilms, make a good candidate for disinfection regimes.

Paudyal R ，Barnes RH ，Karatzas KAG 《-》

Investigation into the antimicrobial activity of fumarate against Listeria monocytogenes and its mode of action under acidic conditions.

Barnes RH ，Karatzas KAG 《-》

Amino acids other than glutamate affect the expression of the GAD system in Listeria monocytogenes enhancing acid resistance.

Paudyal R ，O'Byrne CP ，Karatzas KA 《-》

Divergent evolution of the activity and regulation of the glutamate decarboxylase systems in Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e and 10403S: roles in virulence and acid tolerance.

Feehily C ，Finnerty A ，Casey PG ，Hill C ，Gahan CG ，O'Byrne CP ，Karatzas KA ... -  《PLoS One》

Presence of GadD1 glutamate decarboxylase in selected Listeria monocytogenes strains is associated with an ability to grow at low pH.

Cotter PD ，Ryan S ，Gahan CG ，Hill C ... -  《-》