National disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 257 diseases and injuries in Ethiopia, 1990-2015: findings from the global burden of disease study 2015.

Misganaw A ，Melaku YA ，Tessema GA ，Deribew A ，Deribe K ，Abera SF ，Dessalegn M ，Lakew Y ，Bekele T ，Haregu TN ，Amare AT ，Gedefaw M ，Mohammed M ，Yirsaw BD ，Damtew SA ，Achoki T ，Blore J ，Krohn KJ ，Assefa Y ，Kifle M ，Naghavi M ... -  《Population Health Metrics》

National mortality burden due to communicable, non-communicable, and other diseases in Ethiopia, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

Misganaw A ，Haregu TN ，Deribe K ，Tessema GA ，Deribew A ，Melaku YA ，Amare AT ，Abera SF ，Gedefaw M ，Dessalegn M ，Lakew Y ，Bekele T ，Mohammed M ，Yirsaw BD ，Damtew SA ，Krohn KJ ，Achoki T ，Blore J ，Assefa Y ，Naghavi M ... -  《Population Health Metrics》

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systema

Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44-2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64-3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7-17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8-6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7-10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0-234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7-198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3-214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0-171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3-51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9-52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54-1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5-9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0-19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9-21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0-17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7-27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6-63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4-64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6-2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators 《-》

Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. We estimated cause-specific deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specific causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016. The quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71·2-73·2) of deaths in 2016 with 19·3% (18·5-20·4) of deaths in that year occurring from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases and a further 8·43% (8·00-8·67) from injuries. Although age-standardised rates of death from NCDs decreased globally between 2006 and 2016, total numbers of these deaths increased; both numbers and age-standardised rates of death from CMNN causes decreased in the decade 2006-16-age-standardised rates of deaths from injuries decreased but total numbers varied little. In 2016, the three leading global causes of death in children under-5 were lower respiratory infections, neonatal preterm birth complications, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma, combined resulting in 1·80 million deaths (95% UI 1·59 million to 1·89 million). Between 1990 and 2016, a profound shift toward deaths at older ages occurred with a 178% (95% UI 176-181) increase in deaths in ages 90-94 years and a 210% (208-212) increase in deaths older than age 95 years. The ten leading causes by rates of age-standardised YLL significantly decreased from 2006 to 2016 (median annualised rate of change was a decrease of 2·89%); the median annualised rate of change for all other causes was lower (a decrease of 1·59%) during the same interval. Globally, the five leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; neoplasms; neonatal disorders; and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. At a finer level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of total YLLs in 113 countries for men and 97 countries for women. Comparisons of observed levels of YLLs by countries, relative to the level of YLLs expected on the basis of SDI alone, highlighted distinct regional patterns including the greater than expected level of YLLs from malaria and from HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa; diabetes mellitus, especially in Oceania; interpersonal violence, notably within Latin America and the Caribbean; and cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, particularly in eastern and central Europe. The level of YLLs from ischaemic heart disease was less than expected in 117 of 195 locations. Other leading causes of YLLs for which YLLs were notably lower than expected included neonatal preterm birth complications in many locations in both south Asia and southeast Asia, and cerebrovascular disease in western Europe. The past 37 years have featured declining rates of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases across all quintiles of SDI, with faster than expected gains for many locations relative to their SDI. A global shift towards deaths at older ages suggests success in reducing many causes of early death. YLLs have increased globally for causes such as diabetes mellitus or some neoplasms, and in some locations for causes such as drug use disorders, and conflict and terrorism. Increasing levels of YLLs might reflect outcomes from conditions that required high levels of care but for which effective treatments remain elusive, potentially increasing costs to health systems. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators 《-》

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition.

The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3-7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6-29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition--in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden--is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

GBD 2013 DALYs and HALE Collaborators ，Murray CJ ，Barber RM ，Foreman KJ ，Abbasoglu Ozgoren A ，Abd-Allah F ，Abera SF ，Aboyans V ，Abraham JP ，Abubakar I ，Abu-Raddad LJ ，Abu-Rmeileh NM ，Achoki T ，Ackerman IN ，Ademi Z ，Adou AK ，Adsuar JC ，Afshin A ，Agardh EE ，Alam SS ，Alasfoor D ，Albittar MI ，Alegretti MA ，Alemu ZA ，Alfonso-Cristancho R ，Alhabib S ，Ali R ，Alla F ，Allebeck P ，Almazroa MA ，Alsharif U ，Alvarez E ，Alvis-Guzman N ，Amare AT ，Ameh EA ，Amini H ，Ammar W ，Anderson HR ，Anderson BO ，Antonio CA ，Anwari P ，Arnlöv J ，Arsic Arsenijevic VS ，Artaman A ，Asghar RJ ，Assadi R ，Atkins LS ，Avila MA ，Awuah B ，Bachman VF ，Badawi A ，Bahit MC ，Balakrishnan K ，Banerjee A ，Barker-Collo SL ，Barquera S ，Barregard L ，Barrero LH ，Basu A ，Basu S ，Basulaiman MO ，Beardsley J ，Bedi N ，Beghi E ，Bekele T ，Bell ML ，Benjet C ，Bennett DA ，Bensenor IM ，Benzian H ，Bernabé E ，Bertozzi-Villa A ，Beyene TJ ，Bhala N ，Bhalla A ，Bhutta ZA ，Bienhoff K ，Bikbov B ，Biryukov S ，Blore JD ，Blosser CD ，Blyth FM ，Bohensky MA ，Bolliger IW ，Bora Başara B ，Bornstein NM ，Bose D ，Boufous S ，Bourne RR ，Boyers LN ，Brainin M ，Brayne CE ，Brazinova A ，Breitborde NJ ，Brenner H ，Briggs AD ，Brooks PM ，Brown JC ，Brugha TS ，Buchbinder R ，Buckle GC ，Budke CM ，Bulchis A ，Bulloch AG ，Campos-Nonato IR ，Carabin H ，Carapetis JR ，Cárdenas R ，Carpenter DO ，Caso V ，Castañeda-Orjuela CA ，Castro RE ，Catalá-López F ，Cavalleri F ，Çavlin A ，Chadha VK ，Chang JC ，Charlson FJ ，Chen H ，Chen W ，Chiang PP ，Chimed-Ochir O ，Chowdhury R ，Christensen H ，Christophi CA ，Cirillo M ，Coates MM ，Coffeng LE ，Coggeshall MS ，Colistro V ，Colquhoun SM ，Cooke GS ，Cooper C ，Cooper LT ，Coppola LM ，Cortinovis M ，Criqui MH ，Crump JA ，Cuevas-Nasu L ，Danawi H ，Dandona L ，Dandona R ，Dansereau E ，Dargan PI ，Davey G ，Davis A ，Davitoiu DV ，Dayama A ，De Leo D ，Degenhardt L ，Del Pozo-Cruz B ，Dellavalle RP ，Deribe K ，Derrett S ，Des Jarlais DC ，Dessalegn M ，Dharmaratne SD ，Dherani MK ，Diaz-Torné C ，Dicker D ，Ding EL ，Dokova K ，Dorsey ER ，Driscoll TR ，Duan L ，Duber HC ，Ebel BE ，Edmond KM ，Elshrek YM ，Endres M ，Ermakov SP ，Erskine HE ，Eshrati B ，Esteghamati A ，Estep K ，Faraon EJ ，Farzadfar F ，Fay DF ，Feigin VL ，Felson DT ，Fereshtehnejad SM ，Fernandes JG ，Ferrari AJ ，Fitzmaurice C ，Flaxman AD ，Fleming TD ，Foigt N ，Forouzanfar MH ，Fowkes FG ，Paleo UF ，Franklin RC ，Fürst T ，Gabbe B ，Gaffikin L ，Gankpé FG ，Geleijnse JM ，Gessner BD ，Gething P ，Gibney KB ，Giroud M ，Giussani G ，Gomez Dantes H ，Gona P ，González-Medina D ，Gosselin RA ，Gotay CC ，Goto A ，Gouda HN ，Graetz N ，Gugnani HC ，Gupta R ，Gupta R ，Gutiérrez RA ，Haagsma J ，Hafezi-Nejad N ，Hagan H ，Halasa YA ，Hamadeh RR ，Hamavid H ，Hammami M ，Hancock J ，Hankey GJ ，Hansen GM ，Hao Y ，Harb HL ，Haro JM ，Havmoeller R ，Hay SI ，Hay RJ ，Heredia-Pi IB ，Heuton KR ，Heydarpour P ，Higashi H ，Hijar M ，Hoek HW ，Hoffman HJ ，Hosgood HD ，Hossain M ，Hotez PJ ，Hoy DG ，Hsairi M ，Hu G ，Huang C ，Huang JJ ，Husseini A ，Huynh C ，Iannarone ML ，Iburg KM ，Innos K ，Inoue M ，Islami F ，Jacobsen KH ，Jarvis DL ，Jassal SK ，Jee SH ，Jeemon P ，Jensen PN ，Jha V ，Jiang G ，Jiang Y ，Jonas JB ，Juel K ，Kan H ，Karch A ，Karema CK ，Karimkhani C ，Karthikeyan G ，Kassebaum NJ ，Kaul A ，Kawakami N ，Kazanjan K ，Kemp AH ，Kengne AP ，Keren A ，Khader YS ，Khalifa SE ，Khan EA ，Khan G ，Khang YH ，Kieling C ，Kim D ，Kim S ，Kim Y ，Kinfu Y ，Kinge JM ，Kivipelto M ，Knibbs LD ，Knudsen AK ，Kokubo Y ，Kosen S ，Krishnaswami S ，Kuate Defo B ，Kucuk Bicer B ，Kuipers EJ ，Kulkarni C ，Kulkarni VS ，Kumar GA ，Kyu HH ，Lai T ，Lalloo R ，Lallukka T ，Lam H ，Lan Q ，Lansingh VC ，Larsson A ，Lawrynowicz AE ，Leasher JL ，Leigh J ，Leung R ，Levitz CE ，Li B ，Li Y ，Li Y ，Lim SS ，Lind M ，Lipshultz SE ，Liu S ，Liu Y ，Lloyd BK ，Lofgren KT ，Logroscino G ，Looker KJ ，Lortet-Tieulent J ，Lotufo PA ，Lozano R ，Lucas RM ，Lunevicius R ，Lyons RA ，Ma S ，Macintyre MF ，Mackay MT ，Majdan M ，Malekzadeh R ，Marcenes W ，Margolis DJ ，Margono C ，Marzan MB ，Masci JR ，Mashal MT ，Matzopoulos R ，Mayosi BM ，Mazorodze TT ，Mcgill NW ，Mcgrath JJ ，Mckee M ，Mclain A ，Meaney PA ，Medina C ，Mehndiratta MM ，Mekonnen W ，Melaku YA ，Meltzer M ，Memish ZA ，Mensah GA ，Meretoja A ，Mhimbira FA ，Micha R ，Miller TR ，Mills EJ ，Mitchell PB ，Mock CN ，Mohamed Ibrahim N ，Mohammad KA ，Mokdad AH ，Mola GL ，Monasta L ，Montañez Hernandez JC ，Montico M ，Montine TJ ，Mooney MD ，Moore AR ，Moradi-Lakeh M ，Moran AE ，Mori R ，Moschandreas J ，Moturi WN ，Moyer ML ，Mozaffarian D ，Msemburi WT ，Mueller UO ，Mukaigawara M ，Mullany EC ，Murdoch ME ，Murray J ，Murthy KS ，Naghavi M ，Naheed A ，Naidoo KS ，Naldi L ，Nand D ，Nangia V ，Narayan KM ，Nejjari C ，Neupane SP ，Newton CR ，Ng M ，Ngalesoni FN ，Nguyen G ，Nisar MI ，Nolte S ，Norheim OF ，Norman RE ，Norrving B ，Nyakarahuka L ，Oh IH ，Ohkubo T ，Ohno SL ，Olusanya BO ，Opio JN ，Ortblad K ，Ortiz A ，Pain AW ，Pandian JD ，Panelo CI ，Papachristou C ，Park EK ，Park JH ，Patten SB ，Patton GC ，Paul VK ，Pavlin BI ，Pearce N ，Pereira DM ，Perez-Padilla R ，Perez-Ruiz F ，Perico N ，Pervaiz A ，Pesudovs K ，Peterson CB ，Petzold M ，Phillips MR ，Phillips BK ，Phillips DE ，Piel FB ，Plass D ，Poenaru D ，Polinder S ，Pope D ，Popova S ，Poulton RG ，Pourmalek F ，Prabhakaran D ，Prasad NM ，Pullan RL ，Qato DM ，Quistberg DA ，Rafay A ，Rahimi K ，Rahman SU ，Raju M ，Rana SM ，Razavi H ，Reddy KS ，Refaat A ，Remuzzi G ，Resnikoff S ，Ribeiro AL ，Richardson L ，Richardus JH ，Roberts DA ，Rojas-Rueda D ，Ronfani L ，Roth GA ，Rothenbacher D ，Rothstein DH ，Rowley JT ，Roy N ，Ruhago GM ，Saeedi MY ，Saha S ，Sahraian MA ，Sampson UK ，Sanabria JR ，Sandar L ，Santos IS ，Satpathy M ，Sawhney M ，Scarborough P ，Schneider IJ ，Schöttker B ，Schumacher AE ，Schwebel DC ，Scott JG ，Seedat S ，Sepanlou SG ，Serina PT ，Servan-Mori EE ，Shackelford KA ，Shaheen A ，Shahraz S ，Shamah Levy T ，Shangguan S ，She J ，Sheikhbahaei S ，Shi P ，Shibuya K ，Shinohara Y ，Shiri R ，Shishani K ，Shiue I ，Shrime MG ，Sigfusdottir ID ，Silberberg DH ，Simard EP ，Sindi S ，Singh A ，Singh JA ，Singh L ，Skirbekk V ，Slepak EL ，Sliwa K ，Soneji S ，Søreide K ，Soshnikov S ，Sposato LA ，Sreeramareddy CT ，Stanaway JD ，Stathopoulou V ，Stein DJ ，Stein MB ，Steiner C ，Steiner TJ ，Stevens A ，Stewart A ，Stovner LJ ，Stroumpoulis K ，Sunguya BF ，Swaminathan S ，Swaroop M ，Sykes BL ，Tabb KM ，Takahashi K ，Tandon N ，Tanne D ，Tanner M ，Tavakkoli M ，Taylor HR ，Te Ao BJ ，Tediosi F ，Temesgen AM ，Templin T ，Ten Have M ，Tenkorang EY ，Terkawi AS ，Thomson B ，Thorne-Lyman AL ，Thrift AG ，Thurston GD ，Tillmann T ，Tonelli M ，Topouzis F ，Toyoshima H ，Traebert J ，Tran BX ，Trillini M ，Truelsen T ，Tsilimbaris M ，Tuzcu EM ，Uchendu US ，Ukwaja KN ，Undurraga EA ，Uzun SB ，Van Brakel WH ，Van De Vijver S ，van Gool CH ，Van Os J ，Vasankari TJ ，Venketasubramanian N ，Violante FS ，Vlassov VV ，Vollset SE ，Wagner GR ，Wagner J ，Waller SG ，Wan X ，Wang H ，Wang J ，Wang L ，Warouw TS ，Weichenthal S ，Weiderpass E ，Weintraub RG ，Wenzhi W ，Werdecker A ，Westerman R ，Whiteford HA ，Wilkinson JD ，Williams TN ，Wolfe CD ，Wolock TM ，Woolf AD ，Wulf S ，Wurtz B ，Xu G ，Yan LL ，Yano Y ，Ye P ，Yentür GK ，Yip P ，Yonemoto N ，Yoon SJ ，Younis MZ ，Yu C ，Zaki ME ，Zhao Y ，Zheng Y ，Zonies D ，Zou X ，Salomon JA ，Lopez AD ，Vos T ... -  《-》