The contribution of microbial biotechnology to sustainable development goals: microbiome therapies.

Complex communities of microbes live on and in plants, humans and other animals. These communities are collectively referred to as the microbiota or microbiome. Plants and animals evolved to co-exist with these microbes. In mammals, particular kinds of alteration of the microbiome (dysbiosis) are associated with loss of health, most likely due to loss of microbial metabolites, signalling molecules, or regulators of host pathways. Modern life-style diseases such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), type 2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome have been linked to dysbiosis. These multifactorial diseases involve multiple risk factors and triggers, depletion of certain gut microbiota species being one of them. Live Biotherapeutics operate by restoring microbial products or activities in affected subjects. They are being developed as adjuncts, alternatives or new treatment options for diseases that affect a growing proportion of global citizens.

O'Toole PW ，Paoli M 《Microbial Biotechnology》

Gut microbiota, dysbiosis and colon lavage.

Gut microbial dysbiosis is considered an alteration of diversity and abundance of intestinal microbes, which contributes to the onset of many disorders. Several factors cause dysbiosis, depending on life-style (nutrition, stress, environment, smoking, physical activity) or particular diseases (inflammatory, autoimmune, chronic diseases). Drugs (i.e. antibiotics, anticancer drugs), as well as medical and surgical procedures, can often cause dysbiosis. Mechanical bowel preparations (MBP) and the so called "bowel cleansing" have an immediate impact on intestinal microbial composition. Whether these "acute" changes may lead to any clinical consequences is still unknown. It is tempting to speculate that such dysbiosis fostering events, at least in patients already presenting abdominal complaints, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, may drive additional or more severe symptoms. Recently, the possibility of using probiotic supplementation has been addressed in the literature, with the purpose to counteract intestinal dysfunctional changes observed in relation to a dysbiotic state. Whereas probiotics are recognized to be effective and safe in restoring gut microbiota dysbiosis, preliminary evidence suggest that this approach may prove helpful even in case of transient dysbiotic states related to colonoscopy bowel preparation.

Drago L ，Valentina C ，Fabio P 《-》

Gut Microbiota and Alimentary Tract Injury.

Chen Y ，Wu G ，Zhao Y 《Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology》

Characteristic dysbiosis of gut microbiota of Chinese patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by an insight into the pan-microbiome.

Wang Z ，Xu CM ，Liu YX ，Wang XQ ，Zhang L ，Li M ，Zhu SW ，Xie ZJ ，Wang PH ，Duan LP ，Zhu HQ ... -  《-》

Are There Potential Applications of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation beyond Intestinal Disorders?

Zhou Y ，Xu H ，Huang H ，Li Y ，Chen H ，He J ，Du Y ，Chen Y ，Zhou Y ，Nie Y ... -  《-》