Pregnancy and live birth rates after microsurgical vasoepididymostomy for azoospermic patients with epididymal obstruction.

Can microsurgical vasoepididymostomy (MVE) be an effective treatment for azoospermic men with epididymal obstruction? MVE is an effective treatment for epididymal obstruction, with overall patency and live birth rates of 76.3% and 34.8%, respectively. We showed that MVE was an effective treatment for non-vasectomized patients with epididymal obstruction and prior failed sperm retrieval for ICSI. ICSI is the preferred treatment for obstructive azoospermia in some reproductive centers. Some small studies documented that MVE could achieve high patency and pregnancy rates. This retrospective study was designed to investigate the natural pregnancy and live birth rates after MVE and to identify possible predictors of pregnancy. From January 2011 to July 2013, 241 patients underwent MVE for epididymal obstruction in our andrology center. All patients underwent scrotal exploration and MVE. Semen was analyzed every 3 months postoperatively until pregnancy was achieved. Patency, pregnancy and live birth rates were evaluated. Preoperative and intraoperative data were compared between patent and non-patent groups to identify factors affecting the patency rate. Predictors of pregnancy were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses with Cox regression models. Data from 198 males (82.2%) were analyzed. The mean (±SD) age of males and female partners was 31.0 ± 5.8 and 28.4 ± 4.4 years, respectively. Sperm was present in the ejaculate of 151 patients (76.3%) postoperatively. Patency rates were increased for patients with bilateral anastomosis, distant anastomosis and motile sperm in epididymal fluid. Overall, 81/198 males (40.9%) reported pregnancy in partners and 73 newborns were delivered. The overall live birth rate was 34.8%. Male age (hazard ratio (HR) [95% CI] 0.407 [0.203-0.816], P = 0.011), sperm concentration (HR [95% CI] 4.988 [2.777-8.957], P < 0.001) and forward motility (HR [95% CI] 1.751 [1.042-2.945], P = 0.035) were predictors of pregnancy. A randomized control trial comparing pregnancy rates, live birth rates, risks and medical costs of MVE and IVF/ICSI is needed. The sample size of females >35 years old was small, so we could not determine whether female age was a predictor of pregnancy. MVE is an effective therapy for azoospermic patients with epididymal obstruction. Sperm concentration and forward motility may predict pregnancy after the procedure. Microsurgical reconstruction could be a first choice for epididymal obstruction. No external funding was received. The authors have no competing interests. Not applicable.

Peng J ，Zhang Z ，Yuan Y ，Cui W ，Song W ... -  《-》

Microsurgical vasoepididymostomy is an effective treatment for azoospermic patients with epididymal obstruction and prior failure to achieve pregnancy by sperm retrieval with intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Peng J ，Yuan Y ，Zhang Z ，Cui W ，Song W ，Gao B ... -  《-》

Live birth rates after MESA or TESE in men with obstructive azoospermia: is there a difference?

How do live birth rates compare after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for men with obstructive azoospermia when using sperm derived from testicular sperm extraction (TESE) versus microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA)? Our study suggests that proximal epididymal sperm (from MESA) result in higher live birth rates as compared with testicular sperm (from TESE) in couples where the man has obstructive azoospermia due to congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD) or vasectomy. For couples with obstructive azoospermia, MESA (epididymal sperm) and TESE (testicular sperm) have generally been assumed to be equivalent for use in ICSI. But this assumption has never been confirmed, and this view has important clinical and basic scientific consequences. This was a retrospective study of a consecutive cohort of 374 men with obstructive azoospermia and normal spermatogenesis, who underwent IVF and ICSI using either epididymal sperm or testicular sperm in the period 2000-2009. The study included men undergoing MESA or TESE at St. Luke's Hospital for obstructive azoospermia due to CBAVD or vasectomy. A total of 280 couples underwent MESA and 94 underwent TESE with ICSI. The live birth rate was 39% after MESA-ICSI and 24% after TESE-ICSI. The MESA-ICSI cycles also resulted in a significantly higher implantation rate and significantly higher clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates than the TESE-ICSI cycles. There was no significant difference in results between fresh or frozen sperm for both MESA and TESE. When adjusted for the available confounders, the odds ratio for live birth was significantly in favour of MESA-ICSI versus TESE-ICSI (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.05-3.67). The only significant confounders were female age and ovarian reserve. This is a retrospective cohort study and not a randomized clinical trial. Our study suggests that some aspect of sperm maturation after the sperm leaves the testicle to enter the epididymis is required for the most optimal results, even when ICSI is used for fertilization. No funding was used and there are no competing interests.

van Wely M ，Barbey N ，Meissner A ，Repping S ，Silber SJ ... -  《-》

Can we improve time to patency with vasoepididymostomy with an innovative epididymal occlusion stitch?

Obstructive azoospermia occurs when there is a blockage in the male reproductive tract, leading to a complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate. It constitutes around 40% of all cases of azoospermia (1, 2). Blockages in the male reproductive tract can arise from either congenital or acquired factors, affecting various segments such as the epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory ducts (3). Examples of congenital causes encompass conditions like congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens and unexplained epididymal blockages (4). Acquired instances of obstructive azoospermia may result from factors like vasectomy, infections, trauma, or unintentional injuries caused by medical procedures (5). This complex condition affecting male fertility, presents two main treatment options: microsurgical reconstruction and surgical extraction of sperm followed by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Microsurgical reconstruction proves to be the most cost-effective option for treating obstructive azoospermia when compared with assisted reproductive techniques (6, 7). However, success rates of reconstruction defined by patency are as high as 99% for vasovasostomy (VV) but decline to around 65% if vasoepididymostomy (VE) is required (8, 9). Thus, continued refinement in technique is necessary in order to attempt to improve patency for patients undergoing VE. In this video, we show a comprehensive demonstration of microsurgical VE, highlighting the innovative epididymal occlusion stitch. The goal of this innovative surgical technique is to improve outcomes for VE. The patient is a 39-year-old male diagnosed with obstructive azoospermia who presents for surgical reconstruction via VE. His partner is a 37-years-old female with regular menstrual cycles. The comprehensive clinical data encompasses a range of factors, including FSH levels, results from semen analysis, and outcomes from testicular sperm aspiration. This thorough exploration aims to provide a thorough understanding of our innovative surgical technique and its application in addressing complex cases of obstructive azoospermia. The procedure was started on the right, the vas deferens was identified and transected. The abdominal side of the vas was intubated and a vasogram performed, there was no obstruction. There was no fluid visible from the testicular side of the vas for analysis, thus we proceeded with VE. Upon inspection of the epididymis dilated tubules were identified. After selecting a tubule for VE, two 10-0 nylon sutures were placed, and it was incised. Upon inspection of the fluid motile sperm was identified. After VE, we performed a novel epididymal occlusion stitch technique. This was completed distal to the anastomosis by placing a 7-0 prolene through the tunica of the epididymis from the medial to lateral side. This stitch was then tightened down with the goal to largely occlude the epididymis so that sperm will preferentially travel through the anastomosis. The steps were then repeated on the left. At 3-month follow up, the patient had no change in testicular size as compared with preoperative size (18cc), he had no testicular or incisional discomfort, and on semen analysis he had presence of motile sperm. After 3 months post-surgery, the patient had motile sperm seen on semen analysis. The introduction of a novel epididymal occlusion stitch demonstrates a targeted strategy to enhance the success of microscopic VE. Encouragingly, a 3-month post-surgery follow-up reveals the presence of motile sperm, reinforcing the potential efficacy of our approach. This is promising given the historical lower patency, delayed time to patency, and higher delayed failure rates that patients who require VE experience (10). In total, 40% of all azoospermia cases can be attributed to obstruction. The conventional treatments for obstructive azoospermia involve microsurgical reconstruction and surgical sperm retrieval followed by IVF. While microsurgical reconstruction has proven to be economically viable, the quest for enhanced success rates has led to the exploration of innovative techniques. Historically, the evolution of VV and VE procedures, initially performed in the early 20th century, laid the foundation for contemporary microsurgical approaches (11). Notably, the microscopic VV demonstrated significant improvements in patency rates and natural pregnancy likelihood, as evidenced by the seminal Vasovastomy Study Group study in 1991 (8). In contemporary literature, success rates particularly for VE remain unchanged for the past three decades since the original published success rates by the Vasectomy Reversal Study Group (12). VE is associated with a longer time to patency as well with patients taking 2.8 to 6.6 months to have sperm return to ejaculate as compared to 1.7 to 4.3 months for those undergoing VV. Additionally, of those patients who successfully have sperm return to the ejaculate after VE up to 50% will have delayed failure compared to 12% for those undergoing VV who are patent. Finally, of those who experience delayed failure after undergoing VE it usually occurs earlier with studies reporting as early as 6 months post-operatively (10). Given the lack of improvement and significantly worsened outcomes with VE further surgical refinement is a constant goal for surgeons performing this procedure. In conclusion, this video is both a demonstration and a call to action for commitment to surgical innovation. We aim to raise the bar in VE success rates, ultimately bringing tangible benefits to patients and contributing to the ongoing evolution of reproductive medicine. The novel epididymal occlusion stitch emerges as a beacon of progress, promising not only enhanced safety but also potential reductions in patency time. Surgical excellence and methodological refinement, as exemplified in this video, lay the foundation for a future where male reproductive surgery continues to break new ground.

Mesquita FC ，Savio LF ，Velasquez D ，Varnum A ，Barros R ，Miller D ，Petrella F ，Ramasamy R ... -  《-》

[Retrospective analysis of factors affecting patency rates and causes of failure in use of single-armed two-suture microsurgical vasoepididymostomy].

Tang SX ，Zhou HL ，Ding YL ，Yang P ，Chen Q ，Chen X ... -  《-》