New treatment strategy with nuclear factor-κB inhibitor for pancreatic cancer.

Because of difficulties with early diagnosis, most patients with pancreatic cancer receive chemotherapy. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines (version 2.2015) suggest therapy with gemcitabine (GEM) plus nab-paclitaxel (nPTX) as a category 1 recommendation for metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. According to the results of many studies, the activation of chemotherapeutic agents-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) causes chemoresistance. Hence, we hypothesized that the addition of nafamostat mesilate (NM), a potent NF-κB inhibitor, to GEM/nPTX therapy could enhance the antitumor effect in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In vitro, we assessed NF-κB activity and apoptosis under treatment with NM alone (80 μg/mL), with GEM/nPTX, or with a combination of NM and GEM/nPTX in human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and AsPC-1). In vivo, orthotopic pancreatic cancer mice (BALBc nu/nu) were divided into four groups: control (n = 13), NM (n = 13), GEM/nPTX (n = 13), and triple combination (n = 13). NM (30 mg/kg) was delivered intraperitoneally three times a week, and GEM/nPTX was injected intravenously once a week to orthotopic pancreatic cancer model mice. In the triple combination group, mice received NM followed by GEM/nPTX on the first day to avoid GEM/nPTX-induced NF-κB activation. In vitro and in vivo, NM inhibited GEM/nPTX-induced NF-κB activation, and a synergistic effect of apoptosis was observed in the triple combination group. Furthermore, tumor growth was significantly suppressed in the triple combination group compared with the other groups. NM enhances the antitumor effect of GEM/nPTX chemotherapy for orthotopic pancreatic cancer by inhibition of NF-κB activation.

Horiuchi T ，Uwagawa T ，Shirai Y ，Saito N ，Iwase R ，Haruki K ，Shiba H ，Ohashi T ，Yanaga K ... -  《-》

Targeted nuclear factor-kappaB suppression enhances gemcitabine response in human pancreatic tumor cell line murine xenografts.

Waters JA ，Matos J ，Yip-Schneider M ，Aguilar-Saavedra JR ，Crean CD ，Beane JD ，Dumas RP ，Suvannasankha A ，Schmidt CM ... -  《-》

Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B enhances the antitumor effect of combination treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene therapy and gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer in mice.

Combination therapy with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene delivery and gemcitabine is a new therapeutic approach for pancreatic cancer. However, the efficacy of both TNF-α and gemcitabine is suppressed due to activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). We hypothesized that nafamostat mesilate (FUT175), an NF-κB inhibitor, enhances the antitumor effect of combination treatment with an adenoviral vector-expressing TNF-α (AxCAhTNF-α) and gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer in mice. In vitro, we assessed that FUT175 inhibited both TNF-α- and gemcitabine-induced NF-κB activation and enhanced apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cell lines (MIAPaCa-2 and AsPC-1). In vivo, we established a xenograft pancreatic cancer model in mice by subcutaneous injection of MIAPaCa-2 and AsPC-1. The animals were treated with AxCAhTNF-α intratumorally and gemcitabine intraperitoneally once a week (combination group) or AxCAhTNF-α intratumorally and gemcitabine intraperitoneally once a week as well as FUT175 intraperitoneally 3 times a week (triple combination group). In vitro, FUT175 inhibited both TNF-α- and gemcitabine-induced NF-κB activation and enhanced induction of apoptosis. In the triple combination group, tumor growth in vivo was significantly slower and there were more apoptotic cells than in the combination group (p < 0.05). Inhibition of NF-κB by FUT175 enhances the antitumor effect of combined TNF-α gene therapy and gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer.

Fujiwara Y ，Shiba H ，Iwase R ，Haruki K ，Furukawa K ，Uwagawa T ，Misawa T ，Ohashi T ，Yanaga K ... -  《-》

Combination chemotherapy of nafamostat mesylate with gemcitabine for gallbladder cancer targeting nuclear factor-κB activation.

Gemcitabine is an effective chemotherapeutic agent for advanced gallbladder cancer. However, chemoresistance attributable to gemcitabine-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation has been reported. We previously reported that nafamostat mesylate inhibited NF-κB activation and induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer. Therefore, we hypothesized that nafamostat mesylate inhibits gemcitabine-induced NF-κB activation and enhances apoptosis induced by gemcitabine in gallbladder cancer. In vitro, we assessed NF-κB activation of a gallbladder cancer cell line (NOZ) treated with nafamostat mesylate, gemcitabine, or a combination of both. In vivo, we established a xenograft gallbladder cancer model in mice by subcutaneous injection of NOZ cells. Five weeks after implantation, the animals were treated with nafamostat mesylate three times a week in the nafamostat mesylate group, with gemcitabine once a week in the gemcitabine group, or with a combination of nafamostat mesylate three times a week and gemcitabine once a week in the combination group, respectively. In the control group, only the vehicle of gemcitabine and nafamostat mesylate was injected at the same time course. In the combination group, NF-κB activation was inhibited and apoptosis was enhanced compared with gemcitabine alone in vitro and vivo. Tumor growth in the combination group was significantly slower than that in the gemcitabine group (P < 0.001). At the end of the study, the tumor weight and volume in the combination group were significantly lower than those in the gemcitabine group (P = 0.039 and 0.028, respectively). Combination chemotherapy of gemcitabine with nafamostat mesylate enhances the anti-tumor effect against xenograft gallbladder cancer model in mice.

Iwase R ，Haruki K ，Fujiwara Y ，Furukawa K ，Shiba H ，Uwagawa T ，Misawa T ，Ohashi T ，Yanaga K ... -  《-》

Combination chemotherapy of nafamostat mesilate with gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer targeting NF-kappaB activation.

Uwagawa T ，Chiao PJ ，Gocho T ，Hirohara S ，Misawa T ，Yanaga K ... -  《-》