Gut microbiome and liver diseases.

The gut microbiota has recently evolved as a new important player in the pathophysiology of many intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. The liver is the organ which is in closest contact with the intestinal tract, and is exposed to a substantial amount of bacterial components and metabolites. Various liver disorders such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic liver disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis have been associated with an altered microbiome. This dysbiosis may influence the degree of hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis through multiple interactions with the host's immune system and other cell types. Whereas few results from clinical metagenomic studies in liver disease are available, evidence is accumulating that in liver cirrhosis an oral microbiome is overrepresented in the lower intestinal tract, potentially contributing to disease process and severity. A major role for the gut microbiota in liver disorders is also supported by the accumulating evidence that several complications of severe liver disease such as hepatic encephalopathy are efficiently treated by various prebiotics, probiotics and antibiotics. A better understanding of the gut microbiota and its components in liver diseases might provide a more complete picture of these complex disorders and also form the basis for novel therapies.

Tilg H ，Cani PD ，Mayer EA 《-》

Intestinal microbiota in liver disease.

The intestinal microbiota have emerged as a topic of intense interest in gastroenterology and hepatology. The liver is on the front line as the first filter of nutrients, toxins and bacterial metabolites from the intestines and we are becoming increasingly aware of interactions among the gut, liver and immune system as important mediators of liver health and disease. Manipulating the microbiota with therapeutic intent is a rapidly expanding field. In this review, we will describe what is known about the contribution of intestinal microbiota to liver homeostasis; the role of dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of liver disease including alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma; and the therapeutic manifestations of altering intestinal microbiota via antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation.

Haque TR ，Barritt AS 4th 《-》

The role of the gut microbiota in the pathology and prevention of liver disease.

Several microorganisms belonging to the intestinal microbiota act in an ecosystem responsible for maintaining the homeostasis and vital functions of human beings. From birth to old age the diversity of the intestinal microbiota may change due to environmental factors such as nutrition, immunity, diseases or the use of antibiotics leading to dysbiosis. Improvement in microbiota diversity can be achieved by modifying related risk factors through changes in lifestyle and a healthy diet. Besides, the addition of probiotics, prebiotics or the combination of both (symbiotics), can result in the improvement of the intestinal permeability, inflammatory pathways and the immune system. Also, the use of probiotics prevents harmful bacteria and their derived products (e.g., bacteriocins, endotoxins, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) to leak through the intestinal wall to the circulation that results in the activation of signaling pathways that may be implicated in liver disease. The liver receives a constant flow of noxious entities that promote inflammation and oxidative stress. The use of probiotics with clinical evidence in liver disease, represent a novel therapeutic alternative, inducing positive changes in the balance of the intestinal microbiota which lead to improvement in liver function tests (AST and ALT), decreasing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), andblood cholesterol, among other risk factors. In this review, we discuss the main elements that play a leading role in the development of steatosis as well as the benefits of using probiotics and the impact in the quality of life of patients that develop cirrhosis.

Altamirano-Barrera A ，Uribe M ，Chávez-Tapia NC ，Nuño-Lámbarri N ... -  《-》

[Liver diseases: The pathogenetic role of the gut microbiome and the potential of treatment for its modulation].

Aitbaev KA ，Murkamilov IT ，Fomin VV 《TERAPEVTICHESKII ARKHIV》

Gut microbiota and host metabolism in liver cirrhosis.

Usami M ，Miyoshi M ，Yamashita H 《-》