Value of 3-Tesla multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and targeted biopsy for improved risk stratification in patients considered for active surveillance.

To evaluate the role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate and transrectal ultrasonography guided biopsy (TRUS-Bx) with visual estimation in early risk stratification of patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance (AS). Patients with low-risk, low-grade, localised prostate cancer were prospectively enrolled and submitted to a 3-T 16-channel cardiac surface coil mpMRI of the prostate and confirmatory biopsy (CBx), which included a standard biopsy (SBx) and visual estimation-guided TRUS-Bx. Cancer-suspicious regions were defined using Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) scores. Reclassification occurred if CBx confirmed the presence of a Gleason score ≥7, greater than three positive fragments, or ≥50% involvement of any core. The performance of mpMRI for the prediction of CBx results was assessed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to study relationships between age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, PSA density (PSAD), number of positive cores in the initial biopsy, and mpMRI grade on CBx reclassification. Our report is consistent with the Standards of Reporting for MRI-targeted Biopsy Studies (START) guidelines. In all, 105 patients were available for analysis in the study. From this cohort, 42 (40%) had PI-RADS 1, 2, or 3 lesions and 63 (60%) had only grade 4 or 5 lesions. Overall, 87 patients underwent visual estimation TRUS-Bx. Reclassification among patients with PI-RADS 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 was 0%, 23.1%, 9.1%, 74.5%, and 100%, respectively. Overall, mpMRI sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for disease reclassification were 92.5%, 76%, 81%, and 90.5%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, only PSAD and mpMRI remained significant for reclassification (P < 0.05). In the cross-tabulation, SBx would have missed 15 significant cases detected by targeted biopsy, but SBx did detect five cases of significant cancer not detected by targeted biopsy alone. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging is a significant tool for predicting cancer severity reclassification on CBx among AS candidates. The reclassification rate on CBx is particularly high in the group of patients who have PI-RADS grades 4 or 5 lesions. Despite the usefulness of visual-guided biopsy, it still remains highly recommended to retrieve standard fragments during CBx in order to avoid missing significant tumours.

Pessoa RR ，Viana PC ，Mattedi RL ，Guglielmetti GB ，Cordeiro MD ，Coelho RF ，Nahas WC ，Srougi M ... -  《-》

Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment in Biopsy-naïve Patients: The Rotterdam Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator in Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS) Fusion Biopsy and Systematic TRUS Biopsy.

Mannaerts CK ，Gayet M ，Verbeek JF ，Engelbrecht MRW ，Savci-Heijink CD ，Jager GJ ，Gielens MPM ，van der Linden H ，Beerlage HP ，de Reijke TM ，Wijkstra H ，Roobol MJ ... -  《European Urology Oncology》

Association Between Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) Score for the Index Lesion and Multifocal, Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer.

The ability to identify clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) has dramatically improved with the introduction of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Given the growing interest in targeted biopsy and focal therapy, improving our knowledge on the relationship between mpMRI parameters and the ability to predict csPCa multifocality is mandatory. To assess whether the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score for the index lesion (IL) may predict multifocal csPCa undetected by mpMRI. The study included 343 patients who underwent mpMRI of the prostate with subsequent biopsy between 2014 and 2017 at a single tertiary care referral centre. Lesions with a PI-RADS v.2 score ≥2 detected at mpMRI (IL) were targeted with a fusion biopsy (Bx) approach (mpMRI-Bx). Moreover, each patient underwent a random extended transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUS-Bx) during the same session. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: csPCa outside the IL was defined as disease detected at TRUS-Bx with a Gleason score (GS)≥3+4 and equal to or greater than the GS for the IL. The extent of csPCa detected in target and random cores was reported and stratified according to the GS and PI-RADS score for the IL. The probability of diagnosing csPCa outside the IL according to the PI-RADS score was also assessed in multivariable logistic regression analyses (MVA) after accounting for confounders. The detection rate for csPCa outside the IL was 30%. The detection rate for csPCa at TRUS-Bx was 8% for PI-RADS 2, 15% for PI-RADS 3, 36% for PI-RADS 4, and 58% for PI-RADS 5 lesions (p=0.03). Overall, the median length of csPCa found at TRUS-Bx and thus missed at mpMRI was 2.6mm. However, the length significantly increased with PI-RADS score for the IL, and was 1.8, 2.3, 2.8, and 3.8mm for PI-RADS 2, 3, 4, and 5 lesions, respectively (p=0.03). On MVA, PI-RADS 4 (odds ratio [OR] 7.6; p=0.008) and PI-RADS 5 scores (OR 17.3; p<0.001) were independent predictors of the presence of csPCa outside the IL. The study is limited by its retrospective design. Overall, the accuracy of mpMRI in identifying multifocal csPCa is poor, missing low-volume csPCa in approximately 30% of patients. Moreover, the rate and the extent of csPCa undetected by mpMRI significantly increased with the PI-RADS score for the IL, which can thus be considered a proxy for tumour multifocality. The accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in identifying prostate cancer multifocality is poor. False negative findings were highly related to the PI-RADS score of the index lesion. These findings raise concerns about the indication for targeting the index lesion only when considering prostate biopsy and focal approaches.

Stabile A ，Dell'Oglio P ，De Cobelli F ，Esposito A ，Gandaglia G ，Fossati N ，Brembilla G ，Cristel G ，Cardone G ，Deho' F ，Losa A ，Suardi N ，Gaboardi F ，Del Maschio A ，Montorsi F ，Briganti A ... -  《European Urology Oncology》

Risk-stratification based on magnetic resonance imaging and prostate-specific antigen density may reduce unnecessary follow-up biopsy procedures in men on active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer.

To assess the value of risk-stratification based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and prostate-specific antigen density (PSA-D) in reducing unnecessary biopsies without missing Gleason pattern 4 prostate cancer in men on active surveillance (AS). In all, 210 men on AS with Gleason score 3 + 3 prostate cancer received a first MRI and if indicated [Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score ≥3] targeted biopsy (TBx) using MRI-transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) fusion. The MRI was performed 3 months after diagnosis (group A: n = 97), at confirmatory biopsy (group B: n = 39) or at surveillance biopsy after one or more repeat TRUS-guided systematic biopsies (TRUS-Bx) (group C: n = 74). The primary outcome was upgrading to Gleason score ≥3 + 4 prostate cancer based on MRI ± TBx in groups A, B and C. Biopsy outcomes were stratified for the overall PI-RADS score and PSA-D to identify a subgroup of men in whom a biopsy could have been avoided as no Gleason score upgrading was detected. In all, 134/210 (64%) men had a positive MRI and 51/210 (24%) men had Gleason score upgrading based on MRI-TBx. The percentage of Gleason score upgrading based on MRI-TBx was 23% (22/97), 23% (9/39) and 27% (20/74) in respectively groups A, B and C. Additional Gleason score upgrading detected by TRUS-Bx occurred in 8% (3/39) of men in group B and 6% (1/17) of men who received TRUS-Bx in group C. No Gleason score upgrading was detected by MRI-TBx in men with a PI-RADS score of 3 and a PSA-D of <0.15 ng/mL2 (n = 15), nor by TRUS-Bx in men with a PI-RADS score of 1-3 and a PSA-D of <0.15 ng/mL2 (n = 15). At least one out of five men on AS with Gleason score 3 + 3 prostate cancer at diagnostic TRUS-Bx show Gleason score upgrading based on first MRI ± TBx at baseline, confirmatory or surveillance biopsy. Men with a PI-RADS score of 1-3 and PSA-D of <0.15 ng/mL2 did not show Gleason score upgrading at MRI ± TBx or TRUS-Bx at each time point of surveillance. Thus risk-stratification based on PI-RADS and PSA-D may reduce unnecessary follow-up biopsy procedures in men on AS.

Alberts AR ，Roobol MJ ，Drost FH ，van Leenders GJ ，Bokhorst LP ，Bangma CH ，Schoots IG ... -  《-》

Comparison of Cancer Detection Rates Between TRUS-Guided Biopsy and MRI-Targeted Biopsy According to PSA Level in Biopsy-Naive Patients: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis.

The purpose of the study was to compare cancer detection rates between 12-core transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI)-guided target prostate biopsy (MRI-TBx) according to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in biopsy-naive patients. A retrospective study was conducted in 2009 biopsy-naive patients with suspected prostate cancer (PSA ≤20 ng/mL). Patients underwent TRUS-Bx (n = 1786) or MRI-guided target prostate biopsy (MRI-TBx; n = 223) from September 2013 to March 2017 and were stratified according to each of 4 PSA cutoffs. MRI-TBx was performed on lesions with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) scores of 3 to 5 on mpMRI. Clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) was defined as Gleason ≥7. Propensity score matching was performed using the prebiopsy variables, which included age, PSA, prostate volume, and PSA density. Propensity score matching resulted in 222 patients in each group. There were significant differences between the TRUS-Bx and MRI-TBx groups in the overall detection rates of prostate cancer (41.4% vs. 55.4%; P = .003) and csPCa (30.1% vs. 42.8%; P = .005). However, across PSA cutoffs, MRI-TBx detected more prostate cancer than TRUS-Bx at PSA levels of 2.5 to <4 (29.5% vs. 56.6%; P < .001). The csPCa detection rates of TRUS-Bx and MRI-TBx did not differ significantly within the PSA cutoffs. There was a significantly higher detection rate of prostate cancer and csPCa in lesions with PI-RADS scores 4 and 5 than in those with a score of 3. Prebiopsy mpMRI and subsequent targeted biopsy had a higher detection rate than TRUS-Bx in patients with prostate cancer and csPCa.

Choi YH ，Kang MY ，Sung HH ，Jeon HG ，Chang Jeong B ，Seo SI ，Jeon SS ，Kim CK ，Park BK ，Lee HM ... -  《-》