Probable transfusion-transmitted Zika virus in Brazil.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arthropod-borne flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Recent commentaries regarding ZIKV routes of transmission describe a potential transmission by transfusion. Herein, we report a probable case of transfusion-transmitted ZIKV infection through a platelet transfusion that was detected from postdonation information. A blood donor made a voluntary telephone report to the blood donor facility 3 days after donation and informed the facility of a febrile illness (fever, malaise, and headaches). Due to the ongoing dengue epidemic, the initial clinical investigation included dengue among other possible diagnoses. The serology and molecular laboratory results excluded dengue infection. However, stored samples from the donation were positive for ZIKV on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. A retrospective investigation demonstrated that the platelet concentrate, which was part of a pool, had been transfused after a liver transplantation. A physician had evaluated the patient 4 days after surgery. Laboratory investigation showed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results that were negative for dengue immunoglobulin M antibodies; however, the results were positive for hemagglutination inhibition antibodies against flavivirus. ZIKV RT-PCR and virus isolation analyses in cell cultures from recipient serum were both positive. The sequencing confirmed ZIKV in the donor and patient samples. Ten partial nucleotide sequences from the ZIKV strain that were detected in the donor were aligned and compared with the ZIKV genome detected in the recipient, revealing a 99.8% homology between the two strains. This is a case of probable transmission of ZIKV through blood transfusion. The patient had been transfused with the blood product from an infected donor, most likely in the incubation period after ZIKV infection but prior to clinical disease onset. This report emphasizes the importance of postdonation information and recipient investigations during outbreaks of potentially blood-borne infections.

Barjas-Castro ML ，Angerami RN ，Cunha MS ，Suzuki A ，Nogueira JS ，Rocco IM ，Maeda AY ，Vasami FG ，Katz G ，Boin IF ，Stucchi RS ，Resende MR ，Esposito DL ，de Souza RP ，da Fonseca BA ，Addas-Carvalho M ... -  《-》

How do we manage blood donors and recipients after a positive Zika screening result?

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is the focus of an ongoing pandemic. ZIKV is notable for its severe neurologic sequelae in babies born to infected mothers. High rates of subclinical infection, as evidenced by the finding of ZIKV RNA in asymptomatic donors, raise concerns of risk to the blood supply. To date, a total of four suspected cases of transfusion-transmitted ZIKV have been reported (all in Brazil), none of which were associated with clinical infection in the transfusion recipients. In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a guidance mandating national blood donor screening for ZIKV in the United States. Five days after implementation of donor screening at our facility, we encountered a ZIKV-positive donor. We provide a practical approach to donor, recipient, and blood product management in the setting of a positive donor ZIKV result. Such has been informed by the challenges we faced in the workup of a ZIKV-reactive donation and recipient lookback.

Jimenez A ，Shaz BH ，Kessler D ，Bloch EM ... -  《-》

First cases of Zika virus-infected US blood donors outside states with areas of active transmission.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted by Aedes mosquitos and can result in severe congenital and adult neurologic abnormalities. ZIKV has rapidly spread northward through Central America and the Caribbean and autochthonous cases have been identified in the continental United States. High rates of ZIKA RNA positivity were detected in blood donors during previous epidemics. ZIKV transmission by transfused blood from healthy donor components has been a growing concern. Individual-donation aliquots of plasma from volunteer blood donors were tested individually with an investigational Procleix ZIKV assay. Initially reactive samples were tested for ZIKV RNA in plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) and for ZIKV-specific antibodies in serum. A confirmed positive classification required confirmation of RNA and/or detection of ZIKV antibodies in index and/or follow-up samples. Between September 19 and November 30, 2016, a total of 466,834 donations were screened for ZIKV RNA. Five donors (one in approx. 93,000) were reactive for ZIKV RNA by both the Procleix ZIKV assay and supplemental testing. The donations were collected outside areas considered as having active transmission, and all five donors had travel exposures. A lookback case demonstrated no infection despite transfusion of a Zika IgG-positive platelet (PLT) component with probable low levels of ZIKV RNA. This report describes the first ZIKV-positive donors detected outside areas with active transmission. These donors most likely represent travel-acquired "tail-end infections" with prolonged RBC-associated ZIKV RNA. The lack of transmission to the recipient of an apheresis PLT may suggest that these units are not infectious.

Williamson PC ，Linnen JM ，Kessler DA ，Shaz BH ，Kamel H ，Vassallo RR ，Winkelman V ，Gao K ，Ziermann R ，Menezes J ，Thomas S ，Holmberg JA ，Bakkour S ，Stone M ，Lu K ，Simmons G ，Busch MP ... -  《-》

Investigational Testing for Zika Virus among U.S. Blood Donors.

Saá P ，Proctor M ，Foster G ，Krysztof D ，Winton C ，Linnen JM ，Gao K ，Brodsky JP ，Limberger RJ ，Dodd RY ，Stramer SL ... -  《-》

Zika Virus and Patient Blood Management.

Goodnough LT ，Marques MB 《-》