Cost of hospitalisation for non-communicable diseases in India: are we pro-poor?

To estimate out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure due to hospitalisation from NCDs and its impact on households in India. The study analysed nationwide representative data collected by the National Sample Survey Organisation in 2014 that reported health service utilisation and healthcare-related OOP expenditure by income quintiles and by type of health facility (public or private). The recall period for inpatient hospitalisation expenditure was 365 days. Consumption expenditure was collected for a recall period of 1 month. OOP expenditure amounting to >10% of annual consumption expenditure was termed as catastrophic. Weighted analysis was performed. The median expenditure per episode of hospitalisation due to NCDs was USD 149 - this was ~3 times higher among the richest quintile compared to poorest quintile. There was a significantly higher prevalence of catastrophic expenditure among the poorest quintile, more so for cancers (85%), psychiatric and neurological disorders (63%) and injuries (63%). Mean private-sector OOP hospitalisation expenditure was nearly five times higher than that in the public sector. Medicines accounted for 40% and 27% of public- and private-sector OOP hospitalisation expenditure, respectively. Strengthening of public health facilities is required at community level for the prevention, control and management of NCDs. Promotion of generic medicines, better availability of essential drugs and possible subsidisation for the poorest quintile will be measures to consider to reduce OOP expenditure in public-sector facilities.

Tripathy JP ，Prasad BM ，Shewade HD ，Kumar AM ，Zachariah R ，Chadha S ，Tonsing J ，Harries AD ... -  《-》

Cost of injury care in India: cross-sectional analysis of National Sample Survey 2014.

Injuries account for nearly 10% of total deaths in India and this burden is likely to rise. We aimed to estimate the out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure and catastrophic expenditure due to hospitalisation or outpatient care as a result of any injury and factors associated with incurring catastrophic expenditure. Secondary analysis of nationally representative data for India collected by National Sample Survey Organization in 2014, reporting on health service utilisation and healthcare-related OOP expenditure by income quintiles and by type of health facility (public or private). The median expenditure per episode of hospitalisation due to any injury was US$156, and it was three times higher among the richest quintile compared with the poorest quintile (p<0.001). There was a significantly higher prevalence (p<0.001) of catastrophic expenditure among the poorest quintile (32%) compared with the richest (21%). Mean private sector OOP hospitalisation expenditure was five times higher than in the public sector (p<0.001). Medicines accounted for 37% and 58% of public sector hospitalisation and outpatient care, respectively. Patients treated in a private facility, hospitalised for over 7 days, in the poorest wealth quintiles and of general caste had higher odds of incurring catastrophic expenditure. People who sustain an injury have a high risk of catastrophic household expenditure, particularly for those in lowest income quartiles. There is a clear need for publicly funded risk protection mechanisms targeting the poor. Promotion of generic medicines and subsidisation for the poorest wealth quintile may also reduce OOP expenditure in public sector facilities.

Tripathy JP ，Jagnoor J ，Prasad BM ，Ivers R ... -  《-》

Cost of hospitalization for childbirth in India: how equitable it is in the post-NRHM era?

Tripathy JP ，Shewade HD ，Mishra S ，Kumar AMV ，Harries AD ... -  《-》

Cost of diabetic care in India: An inequitable picture.

Diabetes is a growing public health problem in India which is soon going to become the 'diabetes capital' of the world. It requires regular care and follow up. We aimed to estimate the household out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure and catastrophic expenditure due to hospitalization and outpatient care as a result of diabetes. Secondary analysis of nationally representative data for India collected by National Sample Survey Organization in 2014, reporting on health service utilization and health care related OOP expenditure by income quintiles and by type of health facility (public or private). The median household OOP expenditure from hospitalization due to diabetes was USD 151, and was 3 times higher among the richest quintile compared to the poorest quintile (p<0.001). There was a significantly higher prevalence (p<0.001) of catastrophic expenditure among the poorest quintile (36%) compared to the richest (14%). Median private sector OOP hospitalization expenditure was four times higher than the public sector (p<0.001). Medicines accounted for 41% and 69% of public sector hospitalization and outpatient care respectively. Concentration indices show gross inequity in hospitalization expenditure, prevalence of catastrophic expenditure and utilization of public health facility. Households with diabetic patients incur a high risk of catastrophic expenditure, particularly for those in the lowest income quintiles and those seeking care in the private sector. Increased availability and access to essential drugs and strengthening of public facilities will significantly reduce OOP expenditure.

Tripathy JP ，Prasad BM 《-》

Cost of care and its impact on households due to lymphatic filariasis: Analysis of a national sample survey in India.

Tripathy JP ，Prasad BM 《JOURNAL OF VECTOR BORNE DISEASES》