Implementation of Nutrition Support Guidelines May Affect Energy and Protein Intake in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

Critically ill children are at risk of developing malnutrition, and undernutrition is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The study evaluated changes in the energy and protein intake before and after implementation of nutrition support (NS) guidelines for a pediatric critical care unit (PICU). This retrospective study documented energy and protein intake for the first 8 days of PICU stay. Basal metabolic rate and protein needs were estimated by Schofield and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Guidelines, respectively. Three hundred thirty-five children from August to December 2012 (pre-implementation) and 185 from October to December 2013 (post-implementation). Implementation of NS Guidelines. Changes in actual energy and protein intake in the post- compared with the pre-Implementation period. Unpaired t tests, Pearson's χ(2) (unadjusted analysis) were used. Logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for protein and energy intake, adjusted for age, sex, and Pediatric Risk of Mortality score. After the implementation of guidelines, significant improvements were seen during days 5 through 8 in energy intake among children 2 years of age and older, and in protein intake in both age groups (P<0.05). For the 8-day period, statistically or clinically significant improvements occurred in the cumulative protein deficit/kg/day, as follows: younger than 2-year-olds, -1.5±0.7 g/kg/day vs -1.3±0.8 g/kg/day, P=0.02; 2-year-olds or older, -1.0±0.6 g/kg/day vs -0.7±0.8 g/kg/day, P=0.01; and for the energy deficit/kg/d in 2-year-olds and older, -17.2±13.6 kcal/kg/day vs -13.3±18.1 kcal/kg/day, unpaired t test, P=0.07, in the pre- vs post-implementation period, respectively. The implementation of NS guidelines was associated with improvements in total energy in 2-year-olds and older and protein in younger than 2 and 2 years and older children by days 5 through 8, and protein deficits were significantly lower in the post- vs the pre-implementation period. The implementation of NS guidelines may have had a positive effect on improving NS in critically ill children.

Kyle UG ，Lucas LA ，Mackey G ，Silva JC ，Lusk J ，Orellana R ，Shekerdemian LS ，Coss-Bu JA ... -  《Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics》

Nutrition support in critically ill children: underdelivery of energy and protein compared with current recommendations.

Critically ill children are at high risk for developing nutritional deficiencies, and hospital undernutrition is known to be a risk factor for morbidity and mortality in children. This study's aims were to examine current nutrition practices and the adequacy of nutrition support in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). This retrospective chart review included 240 PICU patients admitted to PICU for longer than 48 hours and documented all intravenous (IV), parenteral, and enteral energy and protein for the first 8 days. Basal metabolic rate and protein requirements were estimated by Schofield equation and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Clinical Guidelines, respectively. Moderate/severe acute malnutrition was defined as weight for age greater than -2 z scores, and moderate/severe chronic malnutrition (growth stunting) was defined as height for age greater than -2 z scores, using 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. During the first 8 days of PICU stay, the actual energy intake for all patient-days was an average of 75.7% ± 56.7% of basal metabolic rate and was significantly lower than basal metabolic rate (P<0.001); the actual protein intake for all patient-days met an average of 40.4% ± 44.2% of protein requirements and was significantly lower than the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition guidelines (P<0.001). Delivery of energy and protein were inadequate on 60% and 85% of patient-days, respectively. Only 75% of estimated energy and 40% of protein requirements were met in the first 8 days of PICU stay. These data demonstrate a high prevalence of critically ill children who are not meeting their recommended levels of protein and energy. In order to avoid undernutrition of these children, providers must conduct ongoing assessment of protein and energy intake compared with protein and energy requirements.

Kyle UG ，Jaimon N ，Coss-Bu JA 《-》

Protein Feeding in Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury Is Not Associated With a Delay in Renal Recovery.

Critically ill children with acute kidney injury (AKI) are at high risk of underfeeding. Newer guidelines for nutrition support recommend higher protein intake. Therefore, the study evaluated the effects of protein feeding on the resolution of AKI and compared energy and protein intake in patients with and without AKI after implementation of Nutrition Support guidelines. Retrospective study. Five hundred twenty critically ill children from October 2012 to June 2013 and October to December 2013. Energy and protein intake in patients with no AKI, resolved, or persistent AKI. Energy and protein intake was documented for days 1-8 of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit stay and in the postimplementation versus preimplementation period of nutrition support guidelines. AKI was defined by modified pRIFLE. Persistent AKI was defined as patients who did not resolve their AKI during the study period. A higher percentage of patients with resolved and persistent AKI met ≥ 80% of protein needs versus no AKI. After adjustment for Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score, the odds ratio for protein intake of ≥ 80% compared to <80% of estimated protein needs was not significant, which suggests that higher protein intake was not associated with nonresolution of AKI. There were significant improvements in the cumulative protein gap in patients with no AKI in the postimplementation (-1.0 [-1.7 to -0.6] g/kg/day) compared to preimplementation period (-1.3 [-1.7 to -0.9] g/kg/day, P = .001) and persistent AKI in the postimplementation (-0.8 [-1.4 to -0.1] g/kg/day) compared to preimplementation (-1.3 [-1.7 to -0.9] g/kg/day, P = .03). Higher protein intake was not associated with a delay in renal recovery in patients with AKI after adjustment for severity of illness. Protein intake was improved in critically ill children with no AKI, resolved, and persistent AKI after implementation of Nutrition Support Guidelines, but underfeeding persisted in these patients.

Kyle UG ，Akcan-Arikan A ，Silva JC ，Goldsworthy M ，Shekerdemian LS ，Coss-Bu JA ... -  《-》

Delivery of enteral nutrition after the introduction of practice guidelines and participation of dietitians in pediatric critical care clinical teams.

Provision of optimal nutrition is often difficult to achieve in the critically ill child, but can improve with better nutritional support practices. This study evaluated the joint impact of the introduction of enteral feeding practice guidelines and participation of dietitians in daily ward rounds on enteral nutrition (EN) intake and practices in children in intensive care. Nutritional intake and EN practices were audited before (period A) and after (period B) the introduction of enteral feeding practice guidelines and participation of dietitians in daily ward rounds in a pediatric intensive care unit. Information was collected on a daily basis and nutritional intake was compared with predefined targets and the United Kingdom dietary reference values. There were 65 patients and 477 nutritional support days in period A and 65 patients and 410 nutritional support days in period B. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) energy requirements were achieved in a larger proportion of nutritional support days in period B (BMR achieved [% nutritional support days]; period A: 27% vs period B: 48.9%; P<0.001). In patients admitted for nonsurgical reasons, median energy, protein, and micronutrient intake improved significantly. In the same group, the percentage of daily fluid intake delivered as EN increased post implementation (period A: median=66.8%; interquartile range=40.9 vs period B: median=79.6%; interquartile range=35.2; P<0.001). No significant changes were seen in patients admitted for corrective heart surgery. Implementation of better EN support practice can improve nutritional intake in some patients in critical care, but can have limited benefit for children admitted for corrective heart surgery.

Gentles E ，Mara J ，Diamantidi K ，Alfheeaid HA ，Spenceley N ，Davidson M ，Gerasimidis K ... -  《-》

The impact of implementation of a nutrition support algorithm on nutrition care outcomes in an intensive care unit.

Kiss CM ，Byham-Gray L ，Denmark R ，Loetscher R ，Brody RA ... -  《-》