Periodontitis Increases the Risk of a First Myocardial Infarction: A Report From the PAROKRANK Study.

The relationship between periodontitis (PD) and cardiovascular disease is debated. PD is common in patients with cardiovascular disease. It has been postulated that PD could be causally related to the risk for cardiovascular disease, a hypothesis tested in the Periodontitis and Its Relation to Coronary Artery Disease (PAROKRANK) study. Eight hundred five patients (<75 years of age) with a first myocardial infarction (MI) and 805 age- (mean 62±8), sex- (male 81%), and area-matched controls without MI underwent standardized dental examination including panoramic x-ray. The periodontal status was defined as healthy (≥80% remaining bone) or as mild-moderate (from 79% to 66%) or severe PD (<66%). Great efforts were made to collect information on possibly related confounders (≈100 variables). Statistical comparisons included the Student pairwise t test and the McNemar test in 2×2 contingency tables. Contingency tables exceeding 2×2 with ranked alternatives were tested by Wilcoxon signed rank test. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were calculated by conditional logistic regression. PD was more common (43%) in patients than in controls (33%; P<0.001). There was an increased risk for MI among those with PD (odds ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-1.83), which remained significant (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.60) after adjusting for variables that differed between patients and controls (smoking habits, diabetes mellitus, years of education, and marital status). In this large case-control study of PD, verified by radiographic bone loss and with a careful consideration of potential confounders, the risk of a first MI was significantly increased in patients with PD even after adjustment for confounding factors. These findings strengthen the possibility of an independent relationship between PD and MI.

Rydén L ，Buhlin K ，Ekstrand E ，de Faire U ，Gustafsson A ，Holmer J ，Kjellström B ，Lindahl B ，Norhammar A ，Nygren Å ，Näsman P ，Rathnayake N ，Svenungsson E ，Klinge B ... -  《-》

Undetected Dysglycemia Is an Important Risk Factor for Two Common Diseases, Myocardial Infarction and Periodontitis: A Report From the PAROKRANK Study.

Information on the relationship among dysglycemia (prediabetes or diabetes), myocardial infarction (MI), and periodontitis (PD) is limited. This study tests the hypothesis that undetected dysglycemia is associated with both conditions. The PAROKRANK (Periodontitis and Its Relation to Coronary Artery Disease) study included 805 patients with a first MI and 805 matched control subjects. All participants without diabetes (91%) were examined with an oral glucose tolerance test. Abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) (impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes) was categorized according to the World Health Organization. Periodontal status was categorized from dental X-rays as healthy (≥80% remaining alveolar bone height), moderate (79-66%), or severe (<66%) PD. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated by logistic regression and were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, education, marital status, and explored associated risks of dysglycemia to PD and MI, respectively. AGT was more common in patients than in control subjects (32% vs. 19%; P < 0.001) and was associated with MI (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.58-2.60). Undetected diabetes was associated with severe PD (2.50; 1.36-4.63) and more strongly in patients (2.35; 1.15-4.80) than in control subjects (1.80; 0.48-6.78), but not when categorized as AGT (total cohort: 1.07; 0.67-1.72). Severe PD was most frequent in subjects with undetected diabetes, and reversely undetected diabetes was most frequent in patients with severe PD. In this large case-control study previously undetected dysglycemia was independently associated to both MI and severe PD. In principal, it doubled the risk of a first MI and of severe PD. This supports the hypothesis that dysglycemia drives two common diseases, MI and PD.

Norhammar A ，Kjellström B ，Habib N ，Gustafsson A ，Klinge B ，Nygren Å ，Näsman P ，Svenungsson E ，Rydén L ... -  《-》

Severe Periodontitis Is Associated with Myocardial Infarction in Females.

Nordendahl E ，Gustafsson A ，Norhammar A ，Näsman P ，Rydén L ，Kjellström B ，PAROKRANK Steering Committee ... -  《-》

The Association Between Dental Status and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction Among Poles: Case-control Study.

Górski B ，Nargiełło E ，Grabowska E ，Opolski G ，Górska R ... -  《Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine》

Salivary Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 and -9 and Myeloperoxidase in Relation to Coronary Heart and Periodontal Diseases: A Subgroup Report from the PAROKRANK Study (Periodontitis and Its Relation to Coronary Artery Disease).

Rathnayake N ，Gustafsson A ，Norhammar A ，Kjellström B ，Klinge B ，Rydén L ，Tervahartiala T ，Sorsa T ，PAROKRANK Steering Group ... -  《PLoS One》