Access and utilisation of social and health services as a social determinant of health: the case of undocumented Latin American immigrant women working in Lleida (Catalonia, Spain).

Although Spain has social and healthcare systems based on universal coverage, little is known about how undocumented immigrant women access and utilise them. This is particularly true in the case of Latin Americans who are overrepresented in the informal labour market, taking on traditionally female roles of caregivers and cleaners in private homes. This study describes access and utilisation of social and healthcare services by undocumented Latin American women working and living in rural and urban areas, and the barriers these women may face. An exploratory qualitative study was designed with 12 in-depth interviews with Latin American women living and working in three different settings: an urban city, a rural city and rural villages in the Pyrenees. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed, yielding four key themes: health is a tool for work which worsens due to precarious working conditions; lack of legal status traps Latin American women in precarious jobs; lack of access to and use of social services; and limited access to and use of healthcare services. While residing and working in different areas of the province impacted the utilisation of services, working conditions was the main barrier experienced by the participants. In conclusion, decent working conditions are the key to ensuring undocumented immigrant women's right to social and healthcare. To create a pathway to immigrant women's health promotion, the 'trap of illegality' should be challenged and the impact of being considered 'illegal' should be considered as a social determinant of health, even where the right to access services is legal.

Gea-Sánchez M ，Gastaldo D ，Molina-Luque F ，Otero-García L ... -  《-》

Undocumented immigrants' and immigrant women's access to healthcare services in the Basque Country (Spain).

Pérez-Urdiales I 《Global Health Action》

Sub-Saharan African immigrant women's experiences of (lack of) access to appropriate healthcare in the public health system in the Basque Country, Spain.

Pérez-Urdiales I ，Goicolea I ，Sebastián MS ，Irazusta A ，Linander I ... -  《International Journal for Equity in Health》

The Health Consequences of Neocolonialism for Latin American Immigrant Women Working as Caregivers in Spain: A Multisite Qualitative Analysis.

Briones-Vozmediano E ，Rivas-Quarneti N ，Gea-Sánchez M ，Bover-Bover A ，Carbonero MA ，Gastaldo D ... -  《-》

Immigrant women living with HIV in Spain: a qualitative approach to encourage medical follow-up.

Guionnet A ，Navaza B ，Pizarro de la Fuente B ，Pérez-Elías MJ ，Dronda F ，López-Vélez R ，Pérez-Molina JA ... -  《BMC PUBLIC HEALTH》