Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles: The New Communicators in Parasite Infections.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism for transferring information between cells and organisms across all three kingdoms of life. In addition to their roles in normal physiology, vesicles also transport molecules from pathogens to hosts and can spread antigens as well as infectious agents. Although initially described in the host-pathogen context for their functions in immune surveillance, vesicles enable multiple modes of communication by, and between, parasites. Here we review the literature demonstrating that EVs are secreted by intracellular and extracellular eukaryotic parasites, as well as their hosts, and detail the functional properties of these vesicles in maturation, pathogenicity and survival. We further describe the prospects for targeting or exploiting these complexes in therapeutic and vaccine strategies.

Coakley G ，Maizels RM ，Buck AH 《-》

Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles secreted by parasitic protozoa: cellular structures involved in the communication between cells.

de Souza W ，Barrias ES 《-》

[Advances in researches of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in parasites and parasitic diseases].

Cheng WJ ，Jiang H ，Dong HF ，Liu R ... -  《-》

Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Communication Within Host-Parasite Interactions.

Wu Z ，Wang L ，Li J ，Wang L ，Wu Z ，Sun X ... -  《Frontiers in Immunology》

Exosomes or microvesicles? Two kinds of extracellular vesicles with different routes to modify protozoan-host cell interaction.

Evans-Osses I ，Reichembach LH ，Ramirez MI 《-》