A prospective controlled study of living kidney donors: three-year follow-up.

There have been few prospective controlled studies of kidney donors. Understanding the pathophysiologic effects of kidney donation is important for judging donor safety and improving our understanding of the consequences of reduced kidney function in chronic kidney disease. Prospective, controlled, observational cohort study. 3-year follow-up of kidney donors and paired controls suitable for donation at their donor's center. Kidney donation. Medical history, vital signs, glomerular filtration rate, and other measurements at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after donation. At 36 months, 182 of 203 (89.7%) original donors and 173 of 201 (86.1%) original controls continue to participate in follow-up visits. The linear slope of the glomerular filtration rate measured by plasma iohexol clearance declined 0.36±7.55mL/min per year in 194 controls, but increased 1.47±5.02mL/min per year in 198 donors (P=0.005) between 6 and 36 months. Blood pressure was not different between donors and controls at any visit, and at 36 months, all 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure parameters were similar in 126 controls and 135 donors (mean systolic blood pressure, 120.0±11.2 [SD] vs 120.7±9.7mmHg [P=0.6]; mean diastolic blood pressure, 73.4±7.0 vs 74.5±6.5mmHg [P=0.2]). Mean arterial pressure nocturnal dipping was manifest in 11.2% ± 6.6% of controls and 11.3% ± 6.1% of donors (P=0.9). Urinary protein-creatinine and albumin-creatinine ratios were not increased in donors compared with controls. From 6 to 36 months postdonation, serum parathyroid hormone, uric acid, homocysteine, and potassium levels were higher, whereas hemoglobin levels were lower, in donors compared with controls. Possible bias resulting from an inability to select controls screened to be as healthy as donors, short follow-up duration, and dropouts. Kidney donors manifest several of the findings of mild chronic kidney disease. However, at 36 months after donation, kidney function continues to improve in donors, whereas controls have expected age-related declines in function.

Kasiske BL ，Anderson-Haag T ，Israni AK ，Kalil RS ，Kimmel PL ，Kraus ES ，Kumar R ，Posselt AA ，Pesavento TE ，Rabb H ，Steffes MW ，Snyder JJ ，Weir MR ... -  《-》

A prospective controlled study of kidney donors: baseline and 6-month follow-up.

Most previous studies of living kidney donors have been retrospective and have lacked suitable healthy controls. Needed are prospective controlled studies to better understand the effects of a mild reduction in kidney function from kidney donation in otherwise healthy individuals. Prospective, controlled, observational cohort study. Consecutive patients approved for donation at 8 transplant centers in the United States were asked to participate. For every donor enrolled, an equally healthy control with 2 kidneys who theoretically would have been suitable to donate a kidney also was enrolled. Kidney donation. At baseline predonation and at 6 months after donation, medical history, vital signs, measured (iohexol) glomerular filtration rate, and other measurements were collected. There were 201 donors and 198 controls who completed both baseline and 6-month visits and form the basis of this report. Compared with controls, donors had 28% lower glomerular filtration rates at 6 months (94.6 ± 15.1 [SD] vs 67.6 ± 10.1 mL/min/1.73 m(2); P < 0.001), associated with 23% greater parathyroid hormone (42.8 ± 15.6 vs 52.7 ± 20.9 pg/mL; P < 0.001), 5.4% lower serum phosphate (3.5 ± 0.5 vs 3.3 ± 0.5 mg/dL; P < 0.001), 3.7% lower hemoglobin (13.6 ± 1.4 vs 13.1 ± 1.2 g/dL; P < 0.001), 8.2% greater uric acid (4.9 ± 1.2 vs 5.3 ± 1.1 mg/dL; P < 0.001), 24% greater homocysteine (1.2 ± 0.3 vs 1.5 ± 0.4 mg/L; P < 0.001), and 1.5% lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (54.9 ± 16.4 vs 54.1 ± 13.9 mg/dL; P = 0.03) levels. There were no differences in albumin-creatinine ratios (5.0 [IQR, 4.0-6.6] vs 5.0 [IQR, 3.3-5.4] mg/g; P = 0.5), office blood pressures, or glucose homeostasis. Short duration of follow-up and possible bias resulting from an inability to screen controls with kidney and vascular imaging performed in donors. Kidney donors have some, but not all, abnormalities typically associated with mild chronic kidney disease 6 months after donation. Additional follow-up is warranted.

Kasiske BL ，Anderson-Haag T ，Ibrahim HN ，Pesavento TE ，Weir MR ，Nogueira JM ，Cosio FG ，Kraus ES ，Rabb HH ，Kalil RS ，Posselt AA ，Kimmel PL ，Steffes MW ... -  《-》

Single-Center Long-Term Follow-Up of Kidney Donors in Argentina (Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires).

Living kidney donor (LKD) transplantation is increasing due to organ shortage. Clinical studies have shown that the risk of developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in donors is similar to that in the general population. Our goal was to evaluate postdonation renal outcomes assessed by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), proteinuria, and blood pressure. A total of 210 LKD transplants were performed at Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires between 2000 and 2014. Postdonation outcomes were analyzed in 109 donors. GFR was assessed by 24-hour creatinine clearance (as 24-hour ClCr) and estimated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations. Additionally, we correlated the predonation renal functional reserve (RFR) with postdonation GFR. Donor results were compared to the expected GFR (adjusted to age and single kidney). Other renal outcome indicators measured were albuminuria and blood pressure, and they were compared (predonation and postdonation) using univariate analysis. A total of 109 patients were followed up for 47 ± 34 months (range, 12-168): 70% were female, age at donation was 48.58 years (range, 25-70), and predonation serum creatinine was 0.85 ± 0.17 mg/dL. Postnephrectomy GFR (24-hour ClCr) was significantly lower compared to predonation GFR (105.38 ± 21.78 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs 90.14 ± 17.78 mL/min/1.73 m2). However, postdonation GFR was not significantly different compared to the expected GFR. No differences were found for blood pressure or albuminuria. Age >50 and an RFR (<20%) was associated with a lower GFR. In this population of LKD, renal outcome (24-hour CrCl, albuminuria, and blood pressure) was within the expected outcome for healthy individuals after uninephrectomy.

Mombelli CA ，Giordani MC ，Imperiali NC ，Groppa SR ，Villamil Cortez SK ，Schreck CM ，Rosa-Diez GJ ... -  《-》

Investigating kidney donation as a risk factor for hypertension and microalbuminuria: findings from the Swiss prospective follow-up of living kidney donors.

To assess the role of nephrectomy as a risk factor for the development of hypertension and microalbuminuria. Prospective, long-term follow-up study. Swiss Organ Living-Donor Health Registry. All living kidney donors in Switzerland between 1993 and 2009. Data on health status and renal function before 1 year and biennially after donation were collected. Comparison of 1-year and 5-year occurrences of hypertension among normotensive donors with 1-year and 5-year estimates from the Framingham hypertension risk score. Multivariate random intercept models were used to investigate changes of albumin excretion after donation, correcting for repeated measurements and cofactors such as age, male gender and body mass index. A total of 1214 donors contributed 3918 data entries with a completed biennial follow-up rate of 74% during a 10-year period. Mean (SD) follow-up of donors was 31.6 months (34.4). Median age at donation was 50.5 years (IQR 42.2-58.8); 806 donors (66.4%) were women. Donation increased the risk of hypertension after 1 year by 3.64 (95% CI 3.52 to 3.76; p<0.001). Those participants remaining normotensive 1 year after donation return to a risk similar to that of the healthy Framingham population. Microalbuminuria before donation was dependent on donor age but not on the presence of hypertension. After nephrectomy, hypertension became the main driver for changes in albumin excretion (OR 1.19; 95% CI 0.13 to 2.25; p=0.03) and donor age had no effect. Nephrectomy propagates hypertension and increases susceptibility for the development of hypertension-induced microalbuminuria.

Thiel GT ，Nolte C ，Tsinalis D ，Steiger J ，Bachmann LM ... -  《-》

Risk of live kidney donation--Indian perspective.

Sahay M ，Narayen G ，Anuradha 《-》