The Jewish psychiatric hospital, Zofiówka, in Otwock, Poland.

The T4 euthanasia programme within Nazi Germany has been well researched, but much less is known about the extermination of psychiatric patients in Nazi-occupied territories during the same period. In Poland 20,000 mentally ill patients were deliberately killed during the German occupation. This paper traces the history of one psychiatric hospital, Zofiówka, in Otwock, south-east of Warsaw. The hospital once served the Jewish population of Poland and was the largest, most prestigious neuropsychiatric centre in the country. It is now in ruins and said to be haunted by ghosts.

Seeman MV 《HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY》

The fate of Jews hospitalized in mental hospitals in France during World War II.

Mouchenik Y ，Fau-Vincenti V 《-》

Extermination of the Jewish mentally-ill during the Nazi era--the "doubly cursed".

Strous R 《ISRAEL JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND RELATED SCIENCES》

[The fate of Polish psychiatry under German occupation during World War II].

Polish psychiatry was since its origin deeply influenced by German (Austrian) and Russian psychiatry. After the German assault Polish psychiatric patients were the first victims of mass executions, and the first to be killed by new developed "gassing" technology. Especially cruel was the fate of Jewish patients. German "health policy" in occupied Poland was only "starvation or shooting". Some hospitals continued working under German rule and received patients from Germany in the framework of Nazi-"euthanasia". The article describes the mostly ignored facts of the close link between the medical programme of annihilation of the "unfit" and the genocide of Poles and Jews.

Leidinger F 《-》

Nazi euthanasia of the mentally ill at Hadamar.

Strous RD 《AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY》