Body composition changes were related to nutrient intakes in elderly men but elderly women had a higher prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in a population of Korean adults.

In this study, we examined the relationship between sarcopenic obesity (SO) and nutrition status, according to sex in Korean adults who were 60 years or older. Body composition was categorized as SO, sarcopenic nonobesity, nonsarcopenic obesity, and nonsarcopenic nonobesity. Obesity was defined by body mass index. Sarcopenia was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by weight (Wt) of less than 1 SD below the sex-specific mean for young adults. Subjects included 1433 subjects (658 men and 775 women) who were 60 years or older and who participated in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2010. Sarcopenic obesity was more prevalent in women (31.3%) than in men (19.6%). Individuals with SO had significantly higher fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (male: 3.2 ± 1.4, female: 3.4 ± 2.1), and triglycerides (male: 167.3 ± 90.6 mg/dL, female: 160.7 ± 85.0 mg/dL). High-density lipoprotein was under the normal criteria (50 mg/dL) in women. Intake of nutrients associated with muscle loss (protein, vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin C) was significantly different among the male but not the female groups. Although protein intake was normal, calcium and vitamin D intakes were insufficient in all groups. In conclusion, body composition changes were related to nutrient intakes in elderly (60 years or older) men but not elderly women. Women had a higher prevalence of SO than did men, suggesting that early nutritional intervention in elderly women may help them address age-associated body composition changes.

Oh C ，Jho S ，No JK ，Kim HS ... -  《-》

A positive association of vitamin D deficiency and sarcopenia in 50 year old women, but not men.

Sarcopenia, loss of muscle mass and function, is one of the major risk factors for metabolic diseases and vitamin D is also positively associated with their prevalence. We examined whether vitamin D deficiency was positively associated with sarcopenia in a gender-specific manner in adults aged ≥50 years, independent of other covariates and possible confounders, including body composition, blood tests, including serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, dietary intake, and hormone replacement therapy in women. This cross-sectional study included 2258 men and 3005 women aged ≥50 years who participated in the 2009-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sarcopenia was defined as appendicular skeletal muscle mass/body weight <2 standard deviations below gender-specific means for young adults. Vitamin D status was represented by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) levels. Adjusted odds ratios for having sarcopenia were calculated according to vitamin D status, while controlling for covariates that affect vitamin D status and body composition using logistic regression analysis with incorporating the sample weights for the complex sample design of the survey. Sarcopenia showed a strong inverse association with serum 25-OH-D levels in women, but not men, independent of other covariates and possible confounders. Sarcopenia was negatively associated with dietary intakes of energy, protein, and carbohydrates in both men and women, but walking and exercise showed no significant relationship with sarcopenic status. Sarcopenic status was significantly associated with serum total 25-OH-D and cholesterol levels only in women and with serum PTH levels only in men. The risk of sarcopenia was increased, by 1.46-fold, by lowering serum 25-OH-D by 10 ng/mL only in women. Serum 25-OH-D levels were a negative modulator of sarcopenia only in women aged ≥50 years in a Korean population.

Park S ，Ham JO ，Lee BK 《-》

Body composition and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly: a focus on sarcopenic obesity.

Important changes in body composition with aging are a progressive loss of muscle mass and increase of fat mass. Despite their enormous clinical importance, body composition changes such as sarcopenic obesity in the elderly are under-recognized. This study aimed to examine the relationship of body composition with a wide variety of cardiometabolic risk factors among 2943 subjects (1250 men and 1693 women) aged 60 years or older from Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES). Sarcopenia was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) divided by weight (%) of < 1 SD below the sex-specific mean for young adults. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m(2). Body composition was categorized into four non-overlapping groups: the sarcopenic obese, sarcopenic nonobese, nonsarcopenic obese, and nonsarcopenic nonobese groups. A wide variety of cardiometabolic risk factors, including blood pressure (BP), glucose tolerance indices, lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, and vitamin D level, were compared according to body composition group. The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was 18.4% in men and 25.8% in women. In both sexes, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome was highly prevalent in the sarcopenic obese group. Serum insulin level, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride levels, and ferritin levels were the highest in the sarcopenic obese group in both men and women, whereas HDL-cholesterol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were the lowest in the sarcopenic obese group. The sarcopenic obese group was more closely associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors than any other group in this elderly population.

Chung JY ，Kang HT ，Lee DC ，Lee HR ，Lee YJ ... -  《-》

Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in the Korean population based on the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys.

Kim YS ，Lee Y ，Chung YS ，Lee DJ ，Joo NS ，Hong D ，Song Ge ，Kim HJ ，Choi YJ ，Kim KM ... -  《-》

The most effective factors to offset sarcopenia and obesity in the older Korean: Physical activity, vitamin D, and protein intake.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the types and levels of physical activity in conjunction with protein intake and vitamin D on sarcopenia and obesity status in an elderly population. Study participants (N = 4452) were ages ≥60 y and included 1929 men and 2523 women who completed a body composition analysis with a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and provided health and dietary data. Higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass/weight was observed in the non-obese group, although obese participants had greater weights. The non-obese sarcopenia subgroup showed health problems related to insulin resistance and metabolic-related factors compared with the nonsarcopenic group. The total metabolic equivalent was significantly different in both obese categories, regardless of sarcopenic status. The prevalence of obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity relatively increased with a diet deficient of protein intake and vitamin D. These data suggest that sarcopenia had a significant association with metabolic-related factors; physical activity, especially vigorous activity; and protein intake and vitamin D levels in a non-obese elderly population. Therefore, maintaining healthy body weight by means of resistance exercise and enhanced protein intake and vitamin D may help offset sarcopenia in this age group.

Oh C ，Jeon BH ，Reid Storm SN ，Jho S ，No JK ... -  《-》