Perlecan heparan sulfate proteoglycan is a critical determinant of angiogenesis in response to mouse hind-limb ischemia.

Perlecan is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) constituent of the extracellular matrix with roles in cell growth, differentiation, and angiogenesis. The role of the HS side chains in regulating in vivo angiogenesis after hind-limb ischemia is unknown. Heparan sulfate (HS)-deficient perlecan (Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3)) mice (n = 35), containing normal perlecan core protein but deficient in HS side chains, and wild-type (n = 33) littermates underwent surgical induction of hind-limb ischemia. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEU) provided serial assessment of hind-limb perfusion. Harvested muscles underwent immunostaining for endothelial cell density (CD31), real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression and western blot analysis for VEGF and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2 protein expression at days 2 and 28. Serial LDPI showed significantly greater perfusion recovery in ischemic limbs of wild-type compared with Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) mice. CEU showed that normalized microvascular perfusion was increased in wild-type compared with Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) mice at day 28 (0.67 ± 0.12 vs 0.26 ± 0.08; P = 0.001). CD31-positive cell counts were significantly higher in wild-type compared with Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) mice on day 28 (122 ± 30 cells vs 84 ± 34 cells per high-power field [HPF]; P < 0.05). Endogenous VEGF mRNA expression (P < 0.05) and VEGF protein expression (P < 0.002) were significantly decreased in the ischemic limbs of Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) mice compared with wild-type mice at day 2 and day 28, respectively. FGF2 protein expression showed no significant differences. These results suggest that the HS side chains in perlecan are important mediators of the angiogenic response to ischemia through a mechanism that involves upregulation of VEGF expression.

Qiang B ，Lim SY ，Lekas M ，Kuliszewski MA ，Wolff R ，Osherov AB ，Rudenko D ，Leong-Poi H ，Noyan H ，Husain M ，Tran K ，Tryggvason K ，Hedin U ，Tran-Lundmark K ，Strauss BH ... -  《-》

Ablation of Perlecan Domain 1 Heparan Sulfate Reduces Progressive Cartilage Degradation, Synovitis, and Osteophyte Size in a Preclinical Model of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis.

To investigate the role of the heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan perlecan (HSPG-2) in regulating fibroblast growth factor (FGF) activity, bone and joint growth, and the onset and progression of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (OA) in a mouse gene-knockout model. Maturational changes were evaluated histologically in the knees of 3-, 6-, and 12-week-old wild-type (WT) mice and Hspg2(Δ3-/Δ3-) mice (Hspg2 lacking domain 1 HS, generated by ablation of exon 3 of perlecan). Cartilage damage, subchondral bone sclerosis, osteophytosis, and synovial inflammation were scored at 4 and 8 weeks after surgical induction of OA in WT and Hspg2(Δ3-/Δ3-) mice. Changes in cartilage expression of FGF-2, FGF-18, HSPG-2, FGF receptor 1 (FGFR-1), and FGFR-3 were examined immunohistochemically. Femoral head cartilage from both mouse genotypes was cultured in the presence or absence of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), FGF-2, and FGF-18, and the content and release of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for key matrix molecules, enzymes, and inhibitors were quantified. No effect of perlecan HS ablation on growth plate or joint development was detected. After induction of OA, Hspg2(Δ3-/Δ3-) mice had significantly reduced cartilage erosion, osteophytosis, and synovitis. OA-induced loss of chondrocyte expression of FGF-2, FGF-18, and HSPG-2 occurred in both genotypes. Expression of FGFR-1 after OA induction was maintained in WT mice, while FGFR-3 loss after OA induction was significantly reduced in Hspg2(Δ3-/Δ3-) mice. There were no genotypic differences in GAG content or release between unstimulated control cartilage and IL-1α-stimulated cartilage. However, IL-1α-induced cartilage expression of Mmp3 mRNA was significantly reduced in Hspg2(Δ3-/Δ3-) mice. Cartilage GAG release in either the presence or absence of IL-1α was unaltered by FGF-2 in both genotypes. In cartilage cultures with FGF-18, IL-1α-stimulated GAG loss was significantly reduced only in Hspg2(Δ3-/Δ3-) mice, and this was associated with maintained expression of Fgfr3 mRNA and reduced expression of Mmp2/Mmp3 mRNA. Perlecan HS has significant roles in directing the development of posttraumatic OA, potentially via the alteration of FGF/HS/FGFR signaling. These data suggest that the chondroprotection conferred by perlecan HS ablation could be attributed, at least in part, to the preservation of FGFR-3 and increased FGF signaling.

Shu CC ，Jackson MT ，Smith MM ，Smith SM ，Penm S ，Lord MS ，Whitelock JM ，Little CB ，Melrose J ... -  《-》

Perlecan heparan sulfate deficiency impairs pulmonary vascular development and attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.

Excessive vascular cell proliferation is an important component of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Perlecan is the major heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan in the vascular extracellular matrix. It binds growth factors, including FGF2, and either restricts or promotes cell proliferation. In this study, we have explored the effects of perlecan HS deficiency on pulmonary vascular development and in hypoxia-induced PH. In normoxia, Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) mice, deficient in perlecan HS, had reduced pericytes and muscularization of intra-acinar vessels. Pulmonary angiography revealed a peripheral perfusion defect. Despite these abnormalities, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and myocardial mass remained normal. After 4 weeks of hypoxia, increases in the proportion of muscularized vessels, RVSP, and right ventricular hypertrophy were significantly less in Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) compared with wild type. The early phase of hypoxia induced a significantly lower increase in fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) protein level and receptor phosphorylation, and reduced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation in Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3). At 4 weeks, FGF2 mRNA and protein were also significantly reduced in Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) lungs. Ligand and carbohydrate engagement assay showed that perlecan HS is required for HS-FGF2-FGFR1 ternary complex formation. In vitro, proliferation assays showed that PASMC proliferation is reduced by selective FGFR1 inhibition. PASMC adhesion to fibronectin was higher in Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) compared with wild type. Perlecan HS chains are important for normal vascular arborization and recruitment of pericytes to pulmonary vessels. Perlecan HS deficiency also attenuates hypoxia-induced PH, where the underlying mechanisms involve impaired FGF2/FGFR1 interaction, inhibition of PASMC growth, and altered cell-matrix interactions.

Chang YT ，Tseng CN ，Tannenberg P ，Eriksson L ，Yuan K ，de Jesus Perez VA ，Lundberg J ，Lengquist M ，Botusan IR ，Catrina SB ，Tran PK ，Hedin U ，Tran-Lundmark K ... -  《-》

Impaired angiogenesis, delayed wound healing and retarded tumor growth in perlecan heparan sulfate-deficient mice.

Zhou Z ，Wang J ，Cao R ，Morita H ，Soininen R ，Chan KM ，Liu B ，Cao Y ，Tryggvason K ... -  《-》

Heparan sulfate side chains have a critical role in the inhibitory effects of perlecan on vascular smooth muscle cell response to arterial injury.

Perlecan is a proteoglycan composed of a 470-kDa core protein linked to three heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains. The intact proteoglycan inhibits the smooth muscle cell (SMC) response to vascular injury. Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) (MΔ3/Δ3) mice produce a mutant perlecan lacking the HS side chains. The objective of this study was to determine differences between these two types of perlecan in modifying SMC activities to the arterial injury response, in order to define the specific role of the HS side chains. In vitro proliferative and migratory activities were compared in SMC isolated from MΔ3/Δ3 and wild-type mice. Proliferation of MΔ3/Δ3 SMC was 1.5× greater than in wild type (P < 0.001), increased by addition of growth factors, and showed a 42% greater migratory response than wild-type cells to PDGF-BB (P < 0.001). In MΔ3/Δ3 SMC adhesion to fibronectin, and collagen types I and IV was significantly greater than wild type. Addition of DRL-12582, an inducer of perlecan expression, decreased proliferation and migratory response to PDGF-BB stimulation in wild-type SMC compared with MΔ3/Δ3. In an in vivo carotid artery wire injury model, the medial thickness, medial area/lumen ratio, and macrophage infiltration were significantly increased in the MΔ3/Δ3 mice, indicating a prominent role of the HS side chain in limiting vascular injury response. Mutant perlecan that lacks HS side chains had a marked reduction in the inhibition of in vitro SMC function and the in vivo arterial response to injury, indicating the critical role of HS side chains in perlecan function in the vessel wall.

Gotha L ，Lim SY ，Osherov AB ，Wolff R ，Qiang B ，Erlich I ，Nili N ，Pillarisetti S ，Chang YT ，Tran PK ，Tryggvason K ，Hedin U ，Tran-Lundmark K ，Advani SL ，Gilbert RE ，Strauss BH ... -  《-》