Thrombospondin-1 is produced by retinal glial cells and inhibits the growth of vascular endothelial cells.

By the release of antiangiogenic factors, Müller glial cells provide an angiostatic environment in the normal and ischemic retina. We determined whether Müller cells produce thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a known inhibitor of angiogenesis. Secretion of TSP-1 by cultured Müller cells was determined with ELISA. Slices of rat retinas and surgically excised retinal membranes of human subjects were immunostained against TSP-1 and the glial marker vimentin. The effects of TSP-1 on the growth of bovine retinal endothelial cells (BRECs) and activation of ERK1/2 were determined with DNA synthesis and migration assays, and Western blotting, respectively. Cultured Müller cells secrete TSP-1 under normoxic and hypoxic (0.2% O2) conditions. Secretion of TSP-1 was increased in hypoxia compared to normoxia. In rat retinal slices, glial, retinal ganglion, and possibly horizontal cells were stained for TSP-1. Retinal glial cells in preretinal membranes from human subjects with nonhypoxic epiretinal gliosis (macular pucker) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, respectively, were immunopositive for TSP-1. Exogenous TSP-1 reduced the VEGF-induced proliferation and migration of BRECs and decreased the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 in BRECs. The data suggest that Müller cells are one major source of TSP-1 in the normal and ischemic retina. Glia-derived TSP1 may inhibit angiogenic responses in the ischemic retina.

Yafai Y ，Eichler W ，Iandiev I ，Unterlauft JD ，Jochmann C ，Wiedemann P ，Bringmann A ... -  《-》

The axon guidance molecule Netrin-4 is expressed by Müller cells and contributes to angiogenesis in the retina.

Retinal glial (Müller) cells are involved in a wide range of developmental mechanisms, including axon guidance and angiogenesis. This study was undertaken to explore whether Netrin-4, an axonal guidance molecule, is expressed by Müller cells and promotes angiogenesis-related activities. Netrin-4 was found through all retinal layers, and its expression was demonstrated in Müller cells, retinal pigment epithelium cells and bovine retinal endothelial cells (BRECs). Co-localization of Netrin-4 with Müller cell-specific molecules [cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (cRALBP), vimentin] was observed in the ganglion cell layer, nerve fiber layer, and at the outer limiting membrane. Under hypoxic conditions, the release of Netrin-4 from Müller cells was increased, with mRNA levels upregulated in a hypoxia-inducible factor-1-dependent manner and dependent on the concomitantly induced release of vascular endothelial growth factor. These findings were consistent with an intensified immunofluorescence of Netrin-4 labeling in the postischemic retinas after ischemia-reperfusion. Netrin-4 stimulated BRECs to increase phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/-2, and p38, in a dose-dependent manner. Synthetic inhibitors of the MAP kinases were able to suppress Netrin-4-induced migration and proliferation of BRECs suggesting that both MAP kinases are differentially involved in Netrin-4-induced angiogenesis. Two receptors for Netrins, i.e., deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and uncoordinated-5-homolog 1 (Unc5H1), were detected in BRECs. DCC is at least partially required for Netrin-4-induced activation of ERK-1/-2. These data suggest that Müller glial cells contribute to, and may modulate, retinal Netrin-4 levels. This may be a novel pathway of Müller cell-mediated control of retinal angiogenesis, particularly under hypoxic/ischemic conditions when the cells upregulate Netrin-4 expression.

Lange J ，Yafai Y ，Noack A ，Yang XM ，Munk AB ，Krohn S ，Iandiev I ，Wiedemann P ，Reichenbach A ，Eichler W ... -  《-》

Basic fibroblast growth factor contributes to a shift in the angioregulatory activity of retinal glial (Müller) cells.

Yafai Y ，Iandiev I ，Lange J ，Yang XM ，Wiedemann P ，Bringmann A ，Eichler W ... -  《-》

Pharmacological inhibition of N-methyl d-aspartate receptor promotes secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in müller cells: effects of hyperglycemia and hypoxia.

Cervantes-Villagrana AR ，Garcia-Román J ，González-Espinosa C ，Lamas M ... -  《-》

Retinal endothelial angiogenic activity: effects of hypoxia and glial (Müller) cells.

Yafai Y ，Iandiev I ，Wiedemann P ，Reichenbach A ，Eichler W ... -  《-》