Co-benefits, trade-offs, barriers and policies for greenhouse gas mitigation in the agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector.

The agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector is responsible for approximately 25% of anthropogenic GHG emissions mainly from deforestation and agricultural emissions from livestock, soil and nutrient management. Mitigation from the sector is thus extremely important in meeting emission reduction targets. The sector offers a variety of cost-competitive mitigation options with most analyses indicating a decline in emissions largely due to decreasing deforestation rates. Sustainability criteria are needed to guide development and implementation of AFOLU mitigation measures with particular focus on multifunctional systems that allow the delivery of multiple services from land. It is striking that almost all of the positive and negative impacts, opportunities and barriers are context specific, precluding generic statements about which AFOLU mitigation measures have the greatest promise at a global scale. This finding underlines the importance of considering each mitigation strategy on a case-by-case basis, systemic effects when implementing mitigation options on the national scale, and suggests that policies need to be flexible enough to allow such assessments. National and international agricultural and forest (climate) policies have the potential to alter the opportunity costs of specific land uses in ways that increase opportunities or barriers for attaining climate change mitigation goals. Policies governing practices in agriculture and in forest conservation and management need to account for both effective mitigation and adaptation and can help to orient practices in agriculture and in forestry towards global sharing of innovative technologies for the efficient use of land resources. Different policy instruments, especially economic incentives and regulatory approaches, are currently being applied however, for its successful implementation it is critical to understand how land-use decisions are made and how new social, political and economic forces in the future will influence this process.

Bustamante M ，Robledo-Abad C ，Harper R ，Mbow C ，Ravindranat NH ，Sperling F ，Haberl H ，Pinto Ade S ，Smith P ... -  《-》

How much land-based greenhouse gas mitigation can be achieved without compromising food security and environmental goals?

Feeding 9-10 billion people by 2050 and preventing dangerous climate change are two of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Both challenges must be met while reducing the impact of land management on ecosystem services that deliver vital goods and services, and support human health and well-being. Few studies to date have considered the interactions between these challenges. In this study we briefly outline the challenges, review the supply- and demand-side climate mitigation potential available in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFOLU sector and options for delivering food security. We briefly outline some of the synergies and trade-offs afforded by mitigation practices, before presenting an assessment of the mitigation potential possible in the AFOLU sector under possible future scenarios in which demand-side measures codeliver to aid food security. We conclude that while supply-side mitigation measures, such as changes in land management, might either enhance or negatively impact food security, demand-side mitigation measures, such as reduced waste or demand for livestock products, should benefit both food security and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Demand-side measures offer a greater potential (1.5-15.6 Gt CO2 -eq. yr(-1) ) in meeting both challenges than do supply-side measures (1.5-4.3 Gt CO2 -eq. yr(-1) at carbon prices between 20 and 100 US$ tCO2 -eq. yr(-1) ), but given the enormity of challenges, all options need to be considered. Supply-side measures should be implemented immediately, focussing on those that allow the production of more agricultural product per unit of input. For demand-side measures, given the difficulties in their implementation and lag in their effectiveness, policy should be introduced quickly, and should aim to codeliver to other policy agenda, such as improving environmental quality or improving dietary health. These problems facing humanity in the 21st Century are extremely challenging, and policy that addresses multiple objectives is required now more than ever.

Smith P ，Haberl H ，Popp A ，Erb KH ，Lauk C ，Harper R ，Tubiello FN ，de Siqueira Pinto A ，Jafari M ，Sohi S ，Masera O ，Böttcher H ，Berndes G ，Bustamante M ，Ahammad H ，Clark H ，Dong H ，Elsiddig EA ，Mbow C ，Ravindranath NH ，Rice CW ，Robledo Abad C ，Romanovskaya A ，Sperling F ，Herrero M ，House JI ，Rose S ... -  《GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY》

Mitigation Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture and Land-Use Change: Consequences for Food Prices.

Stevanović M ，Popp A ，Bodirsky BL ，Humpenöder F ，Müller C ，Weindl I ，Dietrich JP ，Lotze-Campen H ，Kreidenweis U ，Rolinski S ，Biewald A ，Wang X ... -  《-》

Deep decarbonization options for the agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sector in Africa: a systematic literature review.

Greenhouse gases (GHG) emanating from agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sector are among top contributors to anthropogenic climate change in Africa and globally. Minimizing AFOLU sector GHG emissions in Africa is notoriously hard because of difficulties in emission estimation, the disperse nature of AFOLU emissions, and the complex links between AFOLU activities and poverty reduction. Yet, there are very few systematic reviews dealing with decarbonization pathways for the AFOLU sector in Africa. This article explores the options for achieving deep decarbonization of AFOLU sector in Africa, through a systematic review. Using the method of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA Statement), 46 studies of interest were selected from the databases of Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Four sub-themes were identified from the critical review of the selected studies covering key decarbonization approaches used in AFOLU sector. The literature suggests that while forest management and reforestation reduction of GHG in animal production and climate-smart practices in agriculture hold great promises for AFOLU sector decarbonization in Africa, there appears to be very limited coherent policy in the continent addressing any of these AFOLU sub-sectors.

Anyanwu CN ，Ojike O ，Emodi NV ，Ekwe EB ，Okereke C ，Diemuodeke EO ，Elochukwu AE ，Nnamani UA ... -  《-》

GHG mitigation in Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector in Thailand.

Pradhan BB ，Chaichaloempreecha A ，Limmeechokchai B 《Carbon Balance and Management》