Prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus infection in healthy women is related to sexual behaviours and educational level: a cross-sectional study.

This study reports the prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in healthy women in Singapore. Demography, education, sexual and reproductive history and cigarette smoking habits were obtained from a cross-sectional population of healthy women and girls aged above 12 years of age. Cervical or vaginal cytology samples were investigated for 37 known anogenital HPV subtypes using the linear array PCR method. Chi square statistics were used to test for associations of individual epidemiological factors with HPV infection. Independent risk factors were identified with binomial logistic regression analysis. Of 891 subjects, the prevalence of HPV infection was 9.31% (83/891 women) for any-type HPV and 5.05% (46/891 women) for the high-risk HPV (hrHPV). Of 30 HPV subtypes detected, the most prevalent genotypes in descending order of frequency were subtypes 51, 16, 52, 58 and 66 for hrHPV and subtypes 62, 61, 84, 72 and 53 for the low-risk HPV. This frequency distribution of HPV subtypes was different from reports from other countries within Asia. Forty-six virgins studied tested negative for HPV infection. Significant independent risk factors for any-type HPV infection were multiple sexual partners (adjusted OR 1.4) and low (≤6 years) educational level (adjusted OR 4.0). The distribution of HPV subtypes in healthy women varies between different countries within Asia. In Singapore, the prevalence of HPV infection was 9.31% and was related to penetrative sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners and low educational level.

Tay SK ，Oon LL 《-》

Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus DNA in cervical cytology.

This study aimed to detect the presence and prevalence of HPV-DNA in the cervical swab samples obtained from patients with cervical cancer, premalignant cervical lesions and benign cervical smear results, and to identify the potential risk factors influencing this prevalence. Smear preparations were examined and classified according to the Bethesda system. HPV-DNA detection and genotyping was carried out using polymerase chain reaction combined with reverse hybridization line-probe assays. Age, smoking habit, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, number of term births, contraceptive method, progesterone therapy, history of sexually transmitted diseases, history or existence of warts, existence of cervical infection and the history of circumcision of male sexual partners were recorded. Six hundred and forty-two women (96 women with abnormal cervical cytology and 546 women with normal cytology) provided cervical samples. Multiplex PCR testing revealed that prevalence of HPV-DNA was 38.9% in our study population. HPV-DNA was detected in 78.3% of the women with cervical cancer and 76.9% of the women with HGSIL. Abnormal cervical cytology was observed in 30% of HPV-DNA positive cases and in 5.4% of HPV-DNA negative cases. Our findings also indicate that smoking habit, number of sexual partners, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and abnormal cervical cytology were associated with HPV infection. With respect to parity, there was a decreased risk of HPV infection with the increase in the number of births. Estimates of the prevalence of HPV infection vary greatly around the world, so the factors that contribute to the rare occurrence of cervical cancer after HPV infection might also differ from country to country. Information gathered from this study could be used to prioritize limited screening and treatment services given to woman who have specific characteristics that may put them at an increased risk of HPV disease.

Kasap B ，Yetimalar H ，Keklik A ，Yildiz A ，Cukurova K ，Soylu F ... -  《-》

Prevalence of human papillomavirus among STD clinic attenders in Jamaica: association of younger age and increased sexual activity.

Figueroa JP ，Ward E ，Luthi TE ，Vermund SH ，Brathwaite AR ，Burk RD ... -  《SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES》

Prevalence of type-specific human papillomavirus infection among women in France: Implications for screening, vaccination, and a future generation of multivalent HPV vaccines.

To assess human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and genotype distribution by age and cervical cytology/histology status among women undergoing routine gynecological examinations, and to discuss the possible impact on preventive strategies. Liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples were tested for HPV DNA, mRNA, and HPV genotypes. Women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or greater (ASC-US+) and/or at least one positive HPV test were referred to colposcopy. Those with normal colposcopy results had biopsies taken at the 6 and 12 O'clock positions of the normal transformation zone. Of the 5002 women, 515 (10.3%) were <25 and 4487 (89.7%) were ≥25years old. Overall HPV prevalence varied between 10.1% and 16.1% depending on the assay. Risk factors for HPV infection included greater number of recent sexual partners, history of abnormal cervical pathology, age <25years, and smoking. HPV prevalence increased with the cytological and histological severity of cervical lesions. Prevalence of HPV 16/18 was 5.2% and 2.7% in women <25 and ≥25years old, respectively. HPV 16 was the type most strongly associated with a diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or higher (CIN3+) (odds ratio=11.64 vs. HPV 16 absent, P<0.001). A high proportion of high-grade cervical lesions (60.6% of genotyping assay-positive CIN2+) were associated with HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52, or 58. These data indicate that almost all young women could benefit from HPV prophylactic vaccination, but confirm the need for continued cervical screening and highlight the potential benefit of future vaccines targeting a wider range of HPV types.

Monsonego J ，Zerat L ，Syrjänen K ，Zerat JC ，Smith JS ，Halfon P ... -  《-》

Risk factors for human papillomavirus infection in Shanghai suburbs: a population-based study with 10,000 women.

High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the major cause of cervical cancer. Several epidemiological studies have performed HPV screening in Chinese women, but no report was for Shanghai suburb women. To understand the prevalence of HPV infection and risk factors in Shanghai suburbs. Between March 2011 and May 2011, 10,000 female volunteers lived in Fengxian District of Shanghai were recruited for the detection of 21 HPV types using PCR and fast flow hybridization of gene chip array. For the 508 HPV-positive patients, we performed the liquid-based ThinPrep cytology test (TCT) and histological examination for the diagnosis of local cervical lesions. The questionnaire surveyed demographic and behavioral indicators for the evaluation of risk factors of HPV infection. We found that the HPV-positive rate was 12.6%. The five top HPV types were as follows (in descending order): HPV52, 16, 58, 18 and 33. Moreover, HPV-positive rates were higher in women with older age, lower educational level, younger age of the first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, no usage of condom for contraception, multiple deliveries, vaginal delivery, menopause, vaginal inflammation, cervical erosion and no regular cervical cytological examination. We also found that an HPV genotyping in combination with TCT and histological examination could improve early diagnosis for local cervical lesions. HPV infection was associated with age, sexual behavior and chronic inflammation of the cervix and vagina. We recommend popularizing HPV genotyping in women with high risk factors for the early diagnosis and prevention of cervical cancer.

Zhang R ，Shi TY ，Ren Y ，Lu H ，Wei ZH ，Hou WJ ，Zhang M ，Xu C ... -  《-》