Preliminary study of children's exposure to PAHs and its association with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in Guangzhou, China.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous air pollutants generated mainly from incomplete combustion such as automobile exhaust and cigarette smoke. Oxidative stress is believed to be involved in carcinogenesis, and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was used as the biomarker to assess such DNA damage. The children's urinary PAH metabolite (OH-PAHs) level were explored in Guangzhou and their associations with 8-OHdG. Two groups of subjects were selected: (1) one group (n=39, 6-7 years old) from an elementary school situated near a heavy traffic road (polluted area) and (2) another group (n=35, 4-6 years old) from a kindergarten situated in a corner of the main campus of a big university (non-polluted area). Urinary 8-OHdG and nine urinary monohydroxylated PAH metabolites were measured, including 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHN), 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHF), 2-, 3-, 4-, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (2-, 3-, 4-, 9-OHPhe), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 6-hydroxychrysene (6-OHChr) and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP). All other PAH metabolites were detected in urine samples from both children groups except for 6-OHChr and 3-OHBaP. Levels of 2-OHN, 2-OHF, 3-OHPhe, 9-OHPhe and 1-OHP were significantly different between two groups (P<0.05, T-test). The elementary school children from the polluted area had higher urinary levels of 2-OHN, 2-OHF, 2-, 3-, 4-OHPhe and 1-OHP ((9.10±7.39, 3.72±2.91, 0.32±0.50, 0.37±0.28, 0.23±0.29 and 0.64±0.07 μmol/mol creatinine, respectively) than those from the control group. The results suggested that heavy traffic pollution led to higher PAH body burden. There existed no significant difference for urinary 8-OHdG concentration between two groups (p>0.05, T-test), and no strong correlations between the individual OH-PAHs and 8-OHdG. However, the urinary 8-OHdG concentration in the elementary school children from the traffic polluted area was slightly higher than those in the non-polluted area (20.87±14.42 μmol/mol creatinine vs. 16.78±13.30 μmol/mol creatinine). It may be that the potential co-exposure of the children to other pollutants affects 8-OHdG concentration besides the PAHs.
Fan R
，Wang D
，Mao C
，Ou S
，Lian Z
，Huang S
，Lin Q
，Ding R
，She J
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Urinary monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in primiparas from Shenzhen, South China: Levels, risk factors, and oxidative stress.
The main objectives of the present study were to investigate urinary monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) in 77 primiparas who live in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, and their association with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and human health risks. High detection frequencies of OH-PAHs demonstrated the wide occurrence of chemicals in the human exposure to PAHs. The urinary concentrations of Σ7OH-PAHs ranged from 1.37 to 45.5 ng/mL, and the median concentrations of 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-OHN), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHN), 2-hydoxyfluorene (2-OHF), ΣOHPhe (the sum of 1-, 2+ 3-hydroxyphenanthrene), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) were 3.00, 2.58, 0.31, 0.44, and 0.51 ng/mL, respectively. In the sum concentration of seven OH-PAHs, 1-OHN accounted for the largest proportion (43.7% of Σ7OH-PAHs), followed by 2-OHN (37.1%), 2-OHF (4.94%), 1-OHP (8.01%), 1-OHPhe (4.79%), and 2+3-OHPhe (1.46%). The present results showed that vehicle exhaust and petrochemical emission are the main sources of PAHs in primiparas in Shenzhen, and inhalation is the most important exposure route. The living conditions have a significant influence on human exposure to PAHs. The concentrations of 8-OHdG were positively correlated with OH-PAH concentrations in urine because evidence suggested that urinary 8-OHdG levels can be considered as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. Hazard quotient was used to assess the human health risks from exposure to single compound, and hazard index was used to assess the cumulative risks of the compounds, which demonstrated that the exposure risks from PAHs in primiparas were relatively low.
Peng M
，Lu S
，Yu Y
，Liu S
，Zhao Y
，Li C
，Ma S
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Association of PAHs and BTEX exposure with lung function and respiratory symptoms among a nonoccupational population near the coal chemical industry in Northern China.
Emissions (particularly aromatic compounds) from coal industries and biomass fuels combustion lead to high health risks for neighboring residents. To investigate the association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and 1,2-dimethylbenzene (BTEX) exposure with lung function and respiratory symptoms among adults and children near the coal-chemical industry in Northern China, adults and children from a county dotted with coal chemical industry were chosen as subjects for investigation (investigated area, IR). The control group consisted of adults and children from an agricultural county (control area, CR). The environmental and urinary PAH and BTEX levels of adults and children were determined by isotope dilution liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The Mann-Whitney U test and multivariate linear regression models were used to analyze the relationship between pollutant exposure and the respiratory system. The results showed that in an ambient environment, levels of PAHs and BTEX in the IR were significantly higher than those in the CR. Particularly, the concentration profiles for air samples were IR > CR and indoor > outdoor. Both for adults and children, the geometric (GM) concentrations of urinary PAHs and BTEX from the IR were significantly higher than those measured in the CR. Additionally, the urinary PAH exposure level profiles of smokers were higher than those of nonsmokers, indicating that indoor air and smoking were both important nonoccupational exposure sources. The decline of the forced expiratory in the first second (FEV1, %) and the forced expiratory middle flow rate (FEF25%) in children were associated with increasing urinary PAH metabolite levels (p < 0.05). The increase in urinary 1-OHN, 3-OHPhe, 4-OHPhe and 1-OHP levels could be linked to a decrease in FEV1 (r = -0.179, p < 0.05) and FEF25% with the coefficient of -0.166, -0.201 and -0.175 (p < 0.05), respectively. Medical examinations and lung function tests indicated that residents in the IR had higher occurrences of chest inflammation or declining lung function than residents in the CR. Moreover, exposure to PAHs and BTEX could decrease child lung function, though decreased lung function was not observed in adults. Both urinary monitoring and lung function data showed that children were more sensitive to PAH and BTEX exposure than adults.
Chen L
，Hu G
，Fan R
，Lv Y
，Dai Y
，Xu Z
... -
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ResearchGate
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