Maternal insulin resistance, triglycerides and cord blood insulin in relation to post-natal weight trajectories and body composition in the offspring up to 2 years.

The intrauterine metabolic environment might have a programming effect on offspring body composition. We aimed to explore associations of maternal variables of glucose and lipid metabolism during pregnancy, as well as cord blood insulin, with infant growth and body composition up to 2 years post-partum. Data of pregnant women and their infants came from a randomized controlled trial designed to investigate the impact of nutritional fatty acids on adipose tissue development in the offspring. Of the 208 pregnant women enrolled, 118 infants were examined at 2 years. In the present analysis, maternal fasting plasma insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and serum triglycerides measured during pregnancy, as well as insulin in umbilical cord plasma, were related to infant growth and body composition assessed by skinfold thickness measurements and abdominal ultrasonography up to 2 years of age. Maternal homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance at the 32nd week of gestation was significantly inversely associated with infant lean body mass at birth, whereas the change in serum triglycerides during pregnancy was positively associated with ponderal index at 4 months, but not at later time points. Cord plasma insulin correlated positively with birthweight and neonatal fat mass and was inversely associated with body weight gain up to 2 years after multiple adjustments. Subsequent stratification by gender revealed that this relationship with weight gain was stronger, and significant only in girls. Cord blood insulin is inversely associated with subsequent infant weight gain up to 2 years and this seems to be more pronounced in girls.

Brunner S ，Schmid D ，Hüttinger K ，Much D ，Heimberg E ，Sedlmeier EM ，Brüderl M ，Kratzsch J ，Bader BL ，Amann-Gassner U ，Hauner H ... -  《-》

Offspring body size and metabolic profile - effects of lifestyle intervention in obese pregnant women.

Tanvig M 《Danish Medical Journal》

Effect of dietary intervention to reduce the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio on maternal and fetal fatty acid profile and its relation to offspring growth and body composition at 1 year of age.

Much D ，Brunner S ，Vollhardt C ，Schmid D ，Sedlmeier EM ，Brüderl M ，Heimberg E ，Bartke N ，Boehm G ，Bader BL ，Amann-Gassner U ，Hauner H ... -  《-》

Maternal insulin resistance, triglycerides and cord blood insulin are not determinants of offspring growth and adiposity up to 5 years: a follow-up study.

Metabolic dysregulation in utero may influence fetal metabolism and early growth. We previously investigated relationships between maternal indices of glucose homeostasis and triglycerides as well as cord blood insulin with offspring anthropometry up to 2 years. The aim of this analysis was to follow these relationships up to the age of 5 years. Associations between maternal metabolic variables of glucose and lipid metabolism measured at 32 weeks' gestation and cord blood insulin with growth and body composition of 162 offspring aged 3-5 years were explored. Both indirect (i.e. body weight, BMI percentiles, sum of four skinfold thicknesses) and direct (i.e. ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging in a subgroup) measurement techniques were employed. Maternal metabolic indices were largely unrelated to child body composition. Cord blood insulin was negatively associated with fat mass and lean body mass at 3 years in unadjusted analyses, and the sum of four skinfold thicknesses and body fat percentage in adjusted analyses, whereas the association with lean body mass was no longer observed. An inverse relationship between cord blood insulin and weight gain up to 5 years was observed in girls only with small effect sizes. Results from this follow-up do not provide convincing evidence that these markers are independently related to offspring growth and adiposity in early childhood. Although cord blood insulin was weakly inversely related to weight gain in girls at 5 years, we cannot conclude that the observed changes in outcomes are clinically meaningful. (Clinical Trials Registry No: NCT00362089).

Meyer DM ，Brei C ，Stecher L ，Brunner S ，Hauner H ... -  《-》

Effect of reducing the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio on the maternal and fetal leptin axis in relation to infant body composition.

To investigate the effect of reducing the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in maternal nutrition on the maternal and cord blood leptin axis and their association with infant body composition up to 2 years. 208 healthy pregnant women were randomized to either a dietary intervention to reduce the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio from 15th week of gestation until 4 months postpartum or a control group. Leptin, soluble leptin receptor and free leptin index were determined in maternal and cord plasma and related to infant body composition assessed by skinfold thicknesses up to 2 years. The intervention had no effect on either the maternal or fetal leptin axis. Maternal leptin in late pregnancy was inversely related to infant weight and lean body mass (LBM) up to 2 years, after multiple adjustments. Cord leptin was positively related to weight, body fat, and LBM at birth, and inversely associated with weight, BMI, fat mass, and LBM at 2 years and weight gain up to 2 years. The contribution of cord leptin to infant outcomes was overall stronger compared with maternal leptin. Both, maternal and fetal leptin were associated with subsequent infant anthropometry with a greater impact of fetal leptin.

Brunner S ，Schmid D ，Hüttinger K ，Much D ，Brüderl M ，Sedlmeier EM ，Kratzsch J ，Amann-Gassnerl U ，Bader BL ，Hauner H ... -  《-》