Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection to determination of opium alkaloids in human plasma.

A novel, simple, rapid and sensitive dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on the solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was used to determine opium alkaloids in human plasma. During the extraction procedure, plasma protein was precipitated by using a mixture of zinc sulfate solution and acetonitrile. Some effective parameters on extraction were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions (extraction solvent: 30.0 μl 1-undecanol; disperser solvent: 470 μl acetone; pH: 9; salt addition: 1%(w/v) NaCl and extraction time: 0.5 min), calibration curves are linear in the range of 1.5-1000 μgl(-1) and limit of detections (LODs) are in the range of 0.5-5 μgl(-1). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 100 μgl(-1) of morphine and codeine, 10.0 μgl(-1) of papaverine and 20.0 μgl(-1) of noscapine in diluted human plasma are in the range of 4.3-7.4% (n=5). Finally, the method was successfully applied in the determination of opium alkaloids in the actual human plasma samples. The relative recoveries of plasma samples spiked with alkaloids are 88-110.5%. The obtained results show that DLLME-SFO combined with HPLC-UV is a fast and simple method for the determination of opium alkaloids in human plasma.

Ahmadi-Jouibari T ，Fattahi N ，Shamsipur M ，Pirsaheb M ... -  《-》

Extraction and determination of opium alkaloids in urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A simple, rapid and sensitive method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was used to determine opium alkaloids in urine samples. Some effective parameters on extraction were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, enrichment factors and recoveries for different opiates are in the range of 63.0-104.5 and 31.5-52.2%, respectively. The calibration graphs are linear in the range of 0.50-500 μg L(-1) and limit of detections (LODs) are in the range of 0.2-10 μg L(-1). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 200 μg L(-1) of morphine, codeine and thebaine, 5.0 μg L(-1) of papaverine and 10.0 μg L(-1) of noscapine in diluted urine sample are in the range of 2.8-6.1% (n=7). The relative recoveries of urine samples spiked with alkaloids are 84.3-106.0%. The obtained results show that DLLME combined with HPLC-UV is a fast and simple method for the determination of opium alkaloids in urine samples.

Shamsipur M ，Fattahi N 《-》

Rapid extraction and determination of amphetamines in human urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and solidification of floating organic drop followed by high performance liquid chromatography.

A novel, rapid, simple and sensitive dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on the solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was used to determine amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine samples. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency of DLLME-SFO such as the kind and volume of the extraction and the disperser solvents, effect of concentration of K2CO3 and extraction time were investigated and the optimal extraction conditions were established. Under the optimum conditions (extraction solvent: 30.0μl 1-undecanol; disperser solvent: 300μl acetonitrile; buffer concentration: 2% (w/v) K2CO3 and extraction time: 1min), calibration curves are linear in the range of 10-3000μgl(-1) and limit of detections (LODs) are in the range of 2-8μgl(-1). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 100μgl(-1) of amphetamine and methamphetamine in diluted urine are in the range of 6.2-7.8% (n=7). The method was successfully applied for the determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in the actual urine samples. The relative recoveries of urine samples spiked with amphetamine and methamphetamine are 87.8-113.2%. The obtained results show that DLLME-SFO combined with HPLC-UV is a fast and simple method for the determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine.

Ahmadi-Jouibari T ，Fattahi N ，Shamsipur M 《-》

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplets followed by high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of duloxetine in human plasma.

A novel dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic droplets (DLLME-SFO) technique was developed for the determination of duloxetine in human plasma samples by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). During the extraction procedure, plasma protein was precipitated by using a mixture of zinc sulfate solution and acetonitrile. After the protein precipitation step, duloxetine in an alkaline sample solution was quickly extracted by DLLME-SFO with 50 μL of 1-undecanol (extractant). Disperser was unnecessary because the small amount of remaining acetonitrile, which acts as a protein precipitating reagent, was also employed as a disperser; therefore, organic solvent consumption was reduced as much as possible. The emulsion was centrifuged and then fine droplets were floated to the top of the sample solution. The floated droplets were solidified in an ice bath and easily transferred. Various DLLME-SFO parameters such as extractant type, extractant amount, ionic strength, pH and extraction time were optimized. The chromatographic separation of duloxetine was carried out using ethanol as mobile phase. Validation of the method was performed with respect to linearity, intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision, limit of quantification (LOQ), and recovery. Calibration curves for duloxetine showed good linearity with correlation coefficients (r²) higher than 0.99. The method showed good precision and accuracy, with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation less than 15% (LOQ: less than 20%) at all concentrations. The recovery was carried out following the standard addition procedure with yields ranging from 59.6 to 65.5%. A newly developed environmentally friendly method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of duloxetine in human plasma and was shown to be an alternative green approach compared with the conventional solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) techniques.

Suh JH ，Lee YY ，Lee HJ ，Kang M ，Hur Y ，Lee SN ，Yang DH ，Han SB ... -  《-》

Sensitive determination of atorvastatin in human plasma by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and solidification of floating organic drop followed by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A novel and sensitive dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on the solidification of the floating organic drop combined with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection was used for the determination of atorvastatine in blood serum samples. The chromatographic separation of atorvastatin was carried out using methanol as the mobile phase organic modifier. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized, such as the kind and volume of extraction solvent (1-undecanol) and disperser solvent (acetonitrile), pH, and the extraction time. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.2-6000 μg/L of atorvastatin (r(2) = 0.995) with a limit of detection of 0.07 μg/L. The relative standard deviation for 100 μg/L of atorvastatin in human plasma was 8.4% (n = 4). The recoveries of plasma samples spiked with atorvastatin were in the range of 98.8-113.8%. The obtained results showed that the proposed method is fast, simple, and reliable for the determination of very low concentrations of atorvastatin in human plasma samples.

Taheri S ，Jalali F ，Fattahi N ，Bahrami G ... -  《-》