Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality.

Coffee, after water, is the most widely consumed beverage in the United States, and is the principal source of caffeine intake among adults. The biological effects of coffee may be substantial and are not limited to the actions of caffeine. Coffee is a complex beverage containing hundreds of biologically active compounds, and the health effects of chronic coffee intake are wide ranging. From a cardiovascular (CV) standpoint, coffee consumption may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, as well as other conditions associated with CV risk such as obesity and depression; but it may adversely affect lipid profiles depending on how the beverage is prepared. Regardless, a growing body of data suggests that habitual coffee consumption is neutral to beneficial regarding the risks of a variety of adverse CV outcomes including coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and stroke. Moreover, large epidemiological studies suggest that regular coffee drinkers have reduced risks of mortality, both CV and all-cause. The potential benefits also include protection against neurodegenerative diseases, improved asthma control, and lower risk of select gastrointestinal diseases. A daily intake of ∼2 to 3 cups of coffee appears to be safe and is associated with neutral to beneficial effects for most of the studied health outcomes. However, most of the data on coffee's health effects are based on observational data, with very few randomized, controlled studies, and association does not prove causation. Additionally, the possible advantages of regular coffee consumption have to be weighed against potential risks (which are mostly related to its high caffeine content) including anxiety, insomnia, tremulousness, and palpitations, as well as bone loss and possibly increased risk of fractures.

O'Keefe JH ，Bhatti SK ，Patil HR ，DiNicolantonio JJ ，Lucan SC ，Lavie CJ ... -  《-》

Coffee for Cardioprotection and Longevity.

Coffee, a complex brew containing hundreds of biologically active compounds, exerts potent effects on long-term human health. Recently, a plethora of studies have been published focusing on health outcomes associated with coffee intake. An inverse association between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality has been seen consistently in large prospective studies. Habitual coffee consumption is also associated with lower risks for cardiovascular (CV) death and a variety of adverse CV outcomes, including coronary heart disease (CHD), congestive heart failure (HF), and stroke; coffee's effects on arrhythmias and hypertension are neutral. Coffee consumption is associated with improvements in some CV risk factors, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), depression, and obesity. Chronic coffee consumption also appears to protect against some neurodegenerative diseases, and is associated with improved asthma control, and lower risks for liver disease and cancer. Habitual intake of 3 to 4 cups of coffee appears to be safe and is associated with the most robust beneficial effects. However, most of the studies regarding coffee's health effects are based on observational data, with very few randomized controlled trials. Furthermore, the possible benefits of coffee drinking must be weighed against potential risks, which are generally due to its high caffeine content, including anxiety, insomnia, headaches, tremulousness, and palpitations. Coffee may also increase risk of fracture in women, and when consumed in pregnancy coffee increases risk for low birth weight and preterm labor.

O'Keefe JH ，DiNicolantonio JJ ，Lavie CJ 《-》

Coffee: A Selected Overview of Beneficial or Harmful Effects on the Cardiovascular System?

Whayne TF Jr 《-》

Coffee and tea: perks for health and longevity?

Bhatti SK ，O'Keefe JH ，Lavie CJ 《-》

Long-term outcomes from the UK Biobank on the impact of coffee on cardiovascular disease, arrhythmias, and mortality: Does the future hold coffee prescriptions?

Coffee is a popular beverage and the most used psychostimulant worldwide. Habitual coffee consumption has been linked to a growing list of health benefits; however, coffee consumption has been a source of longstanding debate. Recent observational studies have challenged the misconception of caffeine and reported the safety and beneficial effects of coffee intake on a range of cardiovascular (CV) conditions, including coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure, and stroke, leading to a decreased risk of CVD, all-cause and CVD mortality, and being associated with favorable CV outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of caffeine remain speculative, and there is a lack of dedicated studies aimed at addressing the impact of different coffee subtypes on clinical outcomes such as CVD, arrhythmia, and mortality. Study and Results: The study included 449,563 UK Biobank participants, free of cardiovascular problems at enrollment (median age 58 years; 55.3% females). The median follow-up time was 12.5 years. Drinking 4 to 5 cups/day of ground (HR 0.83; 95% CI [0.76-0.91];  P  < .0001) or 2 to 3 cups/day of instant (HR, 0.88; 95% CI [0.85-0.92];  P  < .0001) coffee (but not decaffeinated coffee) was associated with a significant reduction in incident arrhythmia, including AF. Habitual coffee intake of up to 5 cups/day was associated with significant reductions in the risk of incident CVD, CHD (HR 0.89, CI [0.86-0.91], P < 0.0001), CCF (HR 0.83, CI [0.79-0.87], P < 0.0001), and ischemic stroke (HR 0.84, CI [0.78-0.90], P < 0.0001). Coffee consumption led to significant reductions in all-cause mortality (HR 0.86, CI [0.83-0.89], P < 0.0001) and CV mortality (HR 0.82, CI [0.74-0.90], P < 0.0001). Consumption of ground coffee at all levels significantly reduced the risk of all-cause and CV mortality. There was no significant difference in the incidence of CVD among all intake categories or across all coffee subtypes. The results from the UK Biobank indicate that mild-to-moderate consumption of all types of coffee is linked to improved CV outcomes and a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and death, with caffeinated coffee significantly reducing the risk of arrhythmias, including AF. Daily coffee intake should not be discouraged by physicians, even in the presence of a newly developed cardiovascular disease. Whether coffee will be prescribed in the future to prevent CVD and improve cardiovascular health depends on further evaluation of the physiological mechanisms and elucidation of the specific protective effects of coffee consumption.

Susy K 《-》