The purinergic 2X7 receptor participates in renal inflammation and injury induced by high-fat diet: possible role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Renal disease associated with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome is characterized by a distinct inflammatory phenotype. The purinergic 2X7 receptor (P2X7 R) and the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor containing a pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome have been separately shown to play a role in two models of non-metabolic chronic kidney disease. Moreover, the NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in chronic low-grade sterile inflammation characterizing metabolic disorders, though the mechanism(s) involved in inflammasome activation under these conditions are still unknown. We investigated the role of P2X7 R (through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome) in renal inflammation and injury induced by a high-fat diet, an established model of the metabolic syndrome. On a high-fat diet, mice lacking P2X7 R developed attenuated renal functional and structural alterations as well as reduced inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative/carbonyl stress, as compared with wild-type animals, in the absence of significant differences in metabolic parameters. This was associated with blunted up-regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome components NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), pro-caspase 1, pro-interleukin (IL)-1β, and pro-IL-18, as well as reduced inflammasome activation, as evidenced by decreased formation of mature caspase 1, whereas mature IL-1β and IL-18 were not detected. Up-regulated expression of NLRP3 and pro-caspase 1, post-translational processing of pro-caspase-1, and release of IL-18 in response to lipopolysaccharide + 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)ATP were attenuated by P2X7 R silencing in cultured mouse podocytes. Protein and mRNA expression of P2X7 R, NLRP3, and ASC were also increased in kidneys from subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, showing histologically documented renal disease. These data provide evidence of a major role for the purinergic system, at least in part through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, in the process driving 'metabolic' renal inflammation and injury and identify P2X7 R and NLRP3 as novel therapeutic targets.

Solini A ，Menini S ，Rossi C ，Ricci C ，Santini E ，Blasetti Fantauzzi C ，Iacobini C ，Pugliese G ... -  《-》

Serum amyloid A activates the NLRP3 inflammasome via P2X7 receptor and a cathepsin B-sensitive pathway.

Niemi K ，Teirilä L ，Lappalainen J ，Rajamäki K ，Baumann MH ，Öörni K ，Wolff H ，Kovanen PT ，Matikainen S ，Eklund KK ... -  《-》

The complex P2X7 receptor/inflammasome in perivascular fat tissue of heavy smokers.

Smoking is a recognized cardiovascular risk factor. Perivascular visceral adipose tissue (PVAT) is a source of inflammatory molecules, thus contributing to atherosclerosis progression. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7 R)-inflammasome complex, crucial in determining IL-1β and IL-18 release, participates in this scenario. We evaluated whether smoking might affect the PVAT inflammatory phenotype and explored the putative role of the axis P2X7 R-inflammasome in this picture. TNFα, IL-6, RBP4, MCP-1, as well as P2X7 R and inflammasome components NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and IL-1β and IL-18 expression was determined in adipocytes isolated by PVAT of healthy smokers (Smok) and nonsmokers (No-Smok) subjects. Plasma and culture medium levels of these cytokines were also determined. Perivascular adipose tissue of Smok had a higher expression of P2X7 R and inflammasome components; via P2X7 R activation, it released more IL-1β and IL-18, whose serum levels were also higher in Smok than in No-Smok. Linear correlations of NLRP3 with P2X7 R and IL-18 expression and release emerged. Smok also had a higher PVAT expression of the chemotactic factor MCP-1. However, no difference was observed in the PVAT expression of genes more strictly related to insulin resistance, like TNFα, RBP4, IL-6; this was coupled with similar plasma levels of TNFα and RBP4 in the two groups. Smoking contributes to the pro-inflammatory status of the PVAT by enhancing expression and activity of the P2X7 R-inflammasome complex; the effect on adipocytokines more related to insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities appears trivial.

Rossi C ，Santini E ，Chiarugi M ，Salvati A ，Comassi M ，Vitolo E ，Madec S ，Solini A ... -  《-》

The NLRP3 inflammasome is up-regulated in cardiac fibroblasts and mediates myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury.

Sandanger Ø ，Ranheim T ，Vinge LE ，Bliksøen M ，Alfsnes K ，Finsen AV ，Dahl CP ，Askevold ET ，Florholmen G ，Christensen G ，Fitzgerald KA ，Lien E ，Valen G ，Espevik T ，Aukrust P ，Yndestad A ... -  《-》

Role of the nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), which is associated with high mortality rates, involves renal inflammation related to the activation of innate immunity. The inflammatory response in AKI involves the inflammasome, which integrates danger signals into caspase-1-activating platforms, leading to the processing and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. The nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a role in the development of many diseases, including AKI. However, the mechanisms by which the NLRP3 inflammasome translates different danger signals into the expression of proinflammatory cytokines remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in renal injury in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis-induced AKI. CLP decreased blood pressure and increased serum creatinine levels and neutrophil infiltration into the kidney in parallel with the upregulation of NLRP3, the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and caspase-1 expression and activity in kidney tissues, and increases in the serum and kidney levels of IL-1β and IL-18. Genetic deletion of NLRP3 reversed the CLP-induced reduction in blood pressure and increases in serum creatinine level and neutrophil infiltration, and attenuated the CLP-induced upregulation of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, caspase-1 expression and activity, and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, similarly to the effects of caspase-1 inhibition. Taken together, our results indicate that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to the development of hypotension and the inflammatory response of AKI, suggesting its possible role as a therapeutic target for the treatment of kidney diseases.

Cao Y ，Fei D ，Chen M ，Sun M ，Xu J ，Kang K ，Jiang L ，Zhao M ... -  《-》