Immunotherapy for glioma: promises and challenges.

Novel immunotherapeutic modalities are being pursed in the treatment of high-grade gliomas. This article explains how tumors suppress immune function in the brain. It specifically describes the ways in which tumors limit effective communication with immune cells, secrete immune-inhibitory cytokines and molecules, and express molecules that induce apoptosis of immune cells. It also defines 3 different immunotherapeutic approaches to counteract this tumor-associated immunosuppression: cytokine therapy, passive immunotherapy (either serotherapy or adoptive immunotherapy), and active immunotherapy. Although immunotherapeutic approaches have met with mixed success so far, immunotherapy continues to be actively pursued because of its potential to attack infiltrating high-grade gliomas.

Han SJ ，Zygourakis C ，Lim M ，Parsa AT ... -  《-》

Clinical trials with immunotherapy for high-grade glioma.

Immunotherapy is a potential new therapeutic option in patients with high-grade gliomas (HGGs). Phase I/II trials have assessed the efficacy of increasing immune activity using vaccines made from lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells, autologous tumor cells, or dendritic cells. Studies to decrease tumor immunoresistance have focused on cytokine modulation of known immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment. Several early studies have reported a survival benefit using different forms of immunotherapy. This article discusses past clinical trials using immunotherapy in HGGs, their efficacy, limits, and biologic and clinical design challenges that must be overcome to advance immunotherapy for patients with HGGs.

Ruzevick J ，Jackson C ，Phallen J ，Lim M ... -  《-》

Mechanisms of local immunoresistance in glioma.

Albesiano E ，Han JE ，Lim M 《-》

Passive antibody-mediated immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas.

Mitra S ，Li G ，Harsh GR 4th 《-》

Passive immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of malignant gliomas.

This review provides historical and recent perspectives related to passive immunotherapy for high-grade gliomas. The authors discuss approaches that use lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and monoclonal antibodies.

Nagasawa DT ，Fong C ，Yew A ，Spasic M ，Garcia HM ，Kruse CA ，Yang I ... -  《-》