Effects of simvastain and enamel matrix derivative on Portland cement with bismuth oxide-induced growth and odontoblastic differentiation in human dental pulp cells.

We previously reported that bismuth oxide containing Portland cement (BPC) showed similar biocompatibility to Portland cement (PC) in periodontal ligament cells. However, the bioactivity of simvastatin and Emdogain (Biora AB, Malmö, Sweden) on BPC was not reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of simvastatin and Emdogain on BPC compared with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). Cell growth was determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide (MTT) assay. Differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The cell growth of HDPCs exposed to Emdogain and simvastatin plus BPC was superior to those administered BPC alone and similar to those that received MTA for 14 days. The simvastatin and Emdogain groups increased the odontogenic potential of the BPC group with respect to ALP activity, mineralization nodules, messenger RNA expression of ALP, osteopontin, osteocalcin, Runx2, and osterix. These results suggest that simvastatin and Emdogain improved cell growth and the differentiation of the BPC group in HDPCs and may be useful ingredients in BPC as pulp-capping material.

Lee SY ，Min KS ，Choi GW ，Park JH ，Park SH ，Lee SI ，Kim EC ... -  《-》

Effects of calcium silicate endodontic cements on biocompatibility and mineralization-inducing potentials in human dental pulp cells.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility, inflammatory response, and odontoblastic potential of Biodentine (Septodont, Saint Maur des Fosses, France), Ortho-MTA (OMTA; BioMTA, Seoul, Korea), Angelus-MTA (AMTA; Angelus, Londrina, Brazil), and IRM (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK) in human dental pulp cells. The underlying signaling mechanisms were also investigated. Biocompatibilities were examined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Differentiation was assessed by alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red S staining, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for marker genes. The levels of inflammatory mediators and cytokines were measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Signal transduction analysis was performed by Western blotting. Biodentine, OMTA, and AMTA showed favorable cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, formation of mineralized nodules, and expression of odontoblastic marker genes that were similar to those of IRM. The levels of proinflammatory mediators including nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 were lower for Biodentine, OMTA, and AMTA compared with the IRM group. All test materials induced reactive oxygen species production and the expression of hemeoxygenase-1, nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. These data indicate for the first time that the biocompatibility, inflammatory response, and odontoblastic differentiation of Biodentine were similar to that of OMTA and AMTA in HDPCs, which suggests that Biodentine could be good alternative pulp capping agent.

Chang SW ，Lee SY ，Ann HJ ，Kum KY ，Kim EC ... -  《-》

Odontogenic effect of a fast-setting pozzolan-based pulp capping material.

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is widely used as a pulp capping material. Recently, a MTA-derived fast-setting pozzolan cement (Endocem; Maruchi, Wonju, Korea) was introduced in the endodontic field. Our aim in this study was to investigate the odontogenic effects of this cement in vitro and in vivo. Human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) were cultured, and the effects of Endocem and a previously marketed MTA (ProRoot; Dentsply, Tulsa, OK) on biocompatibility were evaluated by assessing cell morphology and performing a cell viability test. Chemical composition of each material was analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis. Odontoblastic differentiation was analyzed by alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red S staining. The expression of odontogenic-related markers, namely dentin sialophosphoprotein, dentin matrix protein 1, and osteonectin, was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. Pinpoint pulp exposures were made on rat teeth and then capped with ProRoot or Endocem. After 4 weeks, reparative tertiary dentin formation and inflammatory responses were investigated histologically. The biocompatibility of Endocem was similar to that of ProRoot. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis showed that ProRoot and Endocem contained similar elemental constituents such as calcium, oxygen, and silicon. Alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized nodule formation increased in ProRoot- and Endocem-treated cells compared with medium only-treated cells in the control group (P < .05). The expression of odontogenic-related markers was significantly higher in the ProRoot- and Endocem-treated groups than the control group (P < .05), but there was no significant difference in the expression of these markers between the 2 experimental groups (P > .05). Four weeks after the pulp capping procedure, continuous tertiary dentin had formed directly underneath the capping materials and the pulp exposure area in all samples in the 2 treated groups. Furthermore, most specimens either had no inflammation or minor pulpal inflammation. Our results indicate that ProRoot and Endocem have similar biocompatibility and odontogenic effects. Therefore, Endocem is as effective a pulp capping material as ProRoot.

Park SJ ，Heo SM ，Hong SO ，Hwang YC ，Lee KW ，Min KS ... -  《-》

Effects of ProRoot MTA, Bioaggregate, and Micromega MTA on odontoblastic differentiation in human dental pulp cells.

The aim of this study was to compare the biocompatibility and odontogenic potential of newly developed Bioaggregate (BA) and Micromega MTA (MMTA) with ProRoot MTA (PMTA) and intermediate restorative material (IRM) by using human dental pulp cells. Biocompatibility was assessed by an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and scanning electron microscopy. Differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for the maker genes. The levels of inflammatory mediators and cytokines were measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PMTA, BA, and MMTA exhibited equally good biocompatibility, whereas IRM showed cytotoxicity compared with these materials. PMTA, BA, and MMTA increased the ALP activity, promoted mineralization nodule formation, and enhanced the mRNA expression level of the osteogenic/odontogenic markers (ALP, osteopontin, osteocalcin, dentin sialophosphoprotein, and dentin matrix protein-1) compared with IRM. The levels of proinflammatory mediators and proinflammatory cytokines were lower in PMTA, BA, and MMTA compared with the IRM group. Collectively, the biocompatibility, odontogenic potentials, and inflammatory response of BA and MMTA are equal to those of PMTA and superior to those of IRM.

Chang SW ，Lee SY ，Kum KY ，Kim EC ... -  《-》

Effects of mineral trioxide aggregate on human dental pulp cells after pulp-capping procedures.

Pulp-capping procedures are routinely performed. The control of infection and biocompatibility of the pulp-capping materials are important factors in determining the treatment outcome. Calcium hydroxide has been considered the gold standard for this procedure. However, previous reports have reported the causes of failures with the use of calcium hydroxide. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has proved to be effective in the process of pulp capping. Human dental pulp stromal cells (DPSCs) were cultured on gray MTA, and the levels of gene expression, secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, and the surface morphology were analyzed. MTA promoted cell survival and proliferation, which was significantly different from the controls in human DPSCs. MTA up-regulated the expression of transcription factors like Runx2 and genes like osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and dentin sialoprotein, which are important odontoblastic genes, thereby showing the ability to promote differentiation of the pulpal cells into odontoblast-like cells, which, in turn, are responsible for dentin bridge formation. MTA approximately induced a 1.7-fold increase in the secretion of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor, which is important in the process of tissue healing and regeneration. The differences between the control and the MTA groups were statistically significant. Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed the differences in the surface morphologies between the control and the MTA groups. Overall, this study supports the biocompatible nature of MTA and the possible mechanism of dentin bridge formation along with tissue repair, all of which contribute to a successful treatment outcome.

Paranjpe A ，Zhang H ，Johnson JD 《-》