A combined cardiorenal assessment for the prediction of acute kidney injury in lower respiratory tract infections.

The accurate prediction of acute kidney injury (AKI) is an unmet clinical need. A combined assessment of cardiac stress and renal tubular damage might improve early AKI detection. A total of 372 consecutive patients presenting to the Emergency Department with lower respiratory tract infections were enrolled. Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were measured in a blinded fashion at presentation. The potential of these biomarkers to predict AKI was assessed as the primary endpoint. AKI was defined according to the AKI Network classification. Overall, 16 patients (4%) experienced early AKI. These patients were more likely to suffer from preexisting chronic cardiac disease or diabetes mellitus. At presentation, BNP (334 pg/mL [130-1119] vs 113 pg/mL [52-328], P <.01) and NGAL (269 ng/mL [119-398] vs 96 ng/mL [60-199], P <.01) levels were significantly higher in AKI patients. The predictive accuracy of presentation BNP and NGAL levels was comparable (BNP 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64-0.84 vs NGAL 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.87). In a combined logistic model, a joint BNP/NGAL approach improved the predictive accuracy for early AKI over either biomarker alone (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74-0.89). The combined categorical cut point defined by BNP >267 pg/mL or NGAL >231 ng/mL correctly identified 15 of 16 early AKI patients (sensitivity 94%, specificity 61%). During multivariable regression analysis, the combined BNP/NGAL cutoff remained the independent predictor of early AKI (hazard ratio 10.82; 95% CI, 1.22-96.23; P = .03). A model combining the markers BNP and NGAL is a powerful predictor of early AKI in patients with lower respiratory tract infection.

Breidthardt T ，Christ-Crain M ，Stolz D ，Bingisser R ，Drexler B ，Klima T ，Balmelli C ，Schuetz P ，Haaf P ，Schärer M ，Tamm M ，Müller B ，Müller C ... -  《-》

Comparison of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Versus B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Cystatin C to Predict Early Acute Kidney Injury and Outcome in Patients With Acute Heart Failure.

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has been described in chronic heart failure (HF) as marker of tubular damage and renal dysfunction; however, less data are available in patients with acute HF. Because of high rate of acute kidney injury (AKI) development, we aimed to investigate the role of NGAL in predicting early AKI development; second, we compared NGAL with respect to cystatin C, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), renal function, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) for outcome prediction. We measured admission serum NGAL, cystatin C, and BNP in 231 patients affected to acute HF; all patients were submitted to daily creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and measurement to identify inhospital AKI defined by Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Kidney Disease and Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. We also measured admission and discharge estimated glomerular filtration rate, creatinine, and BUN to evaluate their prognostic role during a 6-month follow-up period; 78 patients developed AKI during hospitalization. In these subjects, NGAL levels were significantly increased respect to patients without AKI (295 ± 228 vs 129 ± 108 ng/ml, p <0.001). A cutoff of 134 ng/ml has been related to AKI with good sensibility and specificity (85% and 80%, respectively; area under the curve 0.81, p <0.001). BNP was also mildly increased (1,000 ± 906 vs 746 ± 580 pg/ml, p = 0.03) but not cystatin C. Patients with chronic kidney disease demonstrated higher NGAL levels compared with subjects with preserved renal function (258 ± 249 and 120 ± 77 ng/ml, p <0.001). The receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that increased NGAL values were associated with increased mortality (cutoff 170 ng/ml, sensibility 60%, specificity 82%, accuracy 71%, area under the curve 0.77, p <0.001). The same significant correlation was also found for BUN at discharge (cutoff 100 mg/dl, sensibility 65%, specificity 85%, accuracy 71%, area under the curve 0.77, p <0.001). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that cutoff 170 ng/ml was related with adverse outcome (hazard ratio 1.77, confidence interval 1.24 to 2.83, p = 0.01). In conclusion, NGAL measurement is a sensible tool to predict AKI during hospitalization. Elevated NGAL levels appear to be related to BUN increase and post-discharge outcome. This suggests a prognostic role of tubular damage beyond renal dysfunction.

Palazzuoli A ，Ruocco G ，Pellegrini M ，De Gori C ，Del Castillo G ，Franci B ，Nuti R ，Ronco C ... -  《-》

Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a predictive biomarker for the detection of acute kidney injury in adult poisoning.

Ahn JY ，Lee MJ ，Seo JS ，Choi D ，Park JB ... -  《-》

Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for the prediction of acute kidney injury in acute heart failure.

Breidthardt T ，Socrates T ，Drexler B ，Noveanu M ，Heinisch C ，Arenja N ，Klima T ，Züsli C ，Reichlin T ，Potocki M ，Twerenbold R ，Steiger J ，Mueller C ... -  《CRITICAL CARE》

Diagnostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for early diagnosis of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis.

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has been identified as one of the most sensitive and specific biomarkers for predicting cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI); however, variable performance characteristics have been reported. We therefore performed a diagnostic meta-analysis to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of NGAL in early (within 12 h postoperatively) diagnosis of CSA-AKI using established guidelines. The search was carried out electronically with Medline (through PubMed interface), Embase, Cochrane library, ISI Web of Science, Scopus and ClinicalTrials.gov (up to 5 September 2014), and hand-searching was also done. Two reviewers conducted study inclusion, data extractions and quality assessment of the studies independently. The diagnostic capacity of NGAL for CSA-AKI was assessed using pooled sensitivity and specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Meta-Disc 1.4 and STATA 12.0 were used to investigate the source of heterogeneity and to perform the meta-analysis. Twenty-four studies (33 data sets of 4066 patients) were considered, which were all of good methodological quality. The overall pooled sensitivity of NGAL for the diagnosis of AKI was 0.68 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.65-0.70], and specificity was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.77-0.80). The overall pooled positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 3.98 (95% CI, 3.05-5.20) and 0.33 (95% CI, 0.24-0.45), respectively, with a DOR of 13.05 (95% CI, 7.85-21.70). The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed an AUC [standard error (SE)] of 0.86 (0.02) and with a Q*-value (SE) of 0.79 (0.02). Subgroup analysis showed that NGAL had better predictive ability in neonates/children compared with adults (DOR, 19.37; AUC, 0.89 vs DOR, 8.98; AUC, 0.83), and adults without pre-existing renal insufficiency (PRI) had higher diagnostic value than adults without PRI to predict CSA-AKI (DOR, 15.43; AUC, 0.87 vs DOR, 6.56; AUC, 0.81). Both plasma/serum and urine NGAL had the highly predictive nature for early diagnosis of CSA-AKI (DOR, 13.09; AUC, 0.85 vs DOR, 13.20; AUC, 0.88), while lower DOR and AUC values were shown (DOR, 8.31; AUC, 0.81) when measured using standardized clinical platforms, compared with research-based assays (DOR, 19.22; AUC, 0.89). I(2)-values showed substantial heterogeneity, which mainly stems from characteristics of patient population (P = 0.037). NGAL diagnostic accuracy in early detection of CSA-AKI is high, especially in neonates/children or adults with normal baseline renal function.

Zhou F ，Luo Q ，Wang L ，Han L ... -  《-》