Characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. other than Acinetobacter baumannii in South Korea.

Although many studies have been performed on carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, only a few studies have addressed carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter spp. other than A. baumannii (non-baumannii Acinetobacter). Amongst 287 Acinetobacter spp. isolates from patients with bacteraemia in a South Korean hospital collected between 2003 and 2010, 160 (55.7%) were non-baumannii Acinetobacter spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and the effect of efflux pump inhibitors was examined. Antimicrobial resistance genes were identified and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis was performed. OprD expression was also evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and CarO disruption was investigated by PCR. Seventeen non-baumannii Acinetobacter isolates (10.6%) were resistant to imipenem or meropenem, comprising eight Acinetobacter pittii (or Acinetobacter genomospecies 3), four Acinetobacter nosocomialis (or Acinetobacter genomospecies 13TU), two Acinetobacter genomospecies 'close to 13TU', two Acinetobacter bereziniae (or Acinetobacter genomospecies 10) and one Acinetobacter genomospecies 16. bla(IMP-1) genes were detected in seven and two carbapenem-resistant A. pittii and A. bereziniae isolates, respectively. PFGE showed that A. pittii isolates carrying bla(IMP-1) belonged to the same clone. In addition, bla(SIM-1) and bla(PER-1) genes were simultaneously identified in two A. nosocomialis isolates. In four isolates (one each of A. pittii, A. nosocomialis, Acinetobacter genomospecies 'close to 13TU' and Acinetobacter genomospecies 16), efflux pumps were implicated in the increase in carbapenem minimum inhibitory concentrations. No decreased expression of OprD was identified in any carbapenem-resistant non-baumannii Acinetobacter isolates, and disruption of carO was also not detected. Clonal spread of carbapenem-resistant A. pittii carrying bla(IMP-1), which contributes to a high resistance rate in this species, was identified. The bla(IMP-1) and bla(SIM-1) genes were first identified in A. bereziniae and A. nosocomialis, respectively. Since no carbapenem resistance mechanisms could be identified, further efforts to find the resistance mechanism should be made.

Park YK ，Jung SI ，Park KH ，Kim SH ，Ko KS ... -  《-》

Differences in carbapenem resistance genes among Acinetobacterbaumannii, Acinetobacter genospecies 3 and Acinetobacter genospecies 13TU in Taiwan.

A total of 81 clinical isolates of the three clinically important Acinetobacter spp., namely Acinetobacterbaumannii, Acinetobacter genospecies 3 and Acinetobacter genospecies 13TU, were analysed for differences in carbapenem resistance genes. Of the 81 isolates, 40 (49%) were resistant to carbapenems. Most A. baumannii isolates (47/53, 88.7%) contained the ISAba1-bla(OXA-51)-like gene and exhibited a higher minimum inhibitory concentration to imipenem than A. baumannii without the ISAba1 element. All four carbapenem-resistant A. genospecies 3 isolates contained bla(IMP-1) and an ISAba3-bla(OXA-58)-like gene. Three A. genospecies 13TU isolates contained an ISAba3-bla(OXA-58)-like and either a bla(IMP-1) or a bla(VIM-11) gene. The five bla(IMP-1)-containing strains were resistant to imipenem and were positive for metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) activity by the Etest, and the two bla(VIM-11)-containing strains were susceptible to imipenem and were MBL-negative by Etest. Imipenem hydrolysis tests showed that the bla(IMP-1)-containing strains exhibited much higher imipenem-hydrolysing activity than the two bla(VIM-11)-containing strains. No transcripts of bla(VIM-11) or bla(OXA-58)-like genes were detected. Analysis of outer membrane proteins showed that OprD was absent in the only bla(IMP-1)-containing A. genospecies 13TU strain owing to the presence of a premature stop codon in the oprD gene. In summary, several differences were detected between the carbapenem resistance genes of clinical Acinetobacter spp. in Taiwan, and loss of OprD may be associated with imipenem resistance in A. genospecies 13TU.

Lin YC ，Sheng WH ，Chen YC ，Chang SC ，Hsia KC ，Li SY ... -  《-》

Emergence of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii in the Czech Republic is associated with the spread of multidrug-resistant strains of European clone II.

Nemec A ，Krízová L ，Maixnerová M ，Diancourt L ，van der Reijden TJ ，Brisse S ，van den Broek P ，Dijkshoorn L ... -  《-》

Two distinct clones of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Korean hospitals.

Park YK ，Choi JY ，Jung SI ，Park KH ，Lee H ，Jung DS ，Heo ST ，Kim SW ，Chang HH ，Cheong HS ，Chung DR ，Peck KR ，Song JH ，Ko KS ... -  《-》

High prevalence of OXA-143 and alteration of outer membrane proteins in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. isolates in Brazil.

Carbapenem resistance amongst Acinetobacter spp. has been increasing in the last decade. This study evaluated the outer membrane protein (OMP) profile and production of carbapenemases in 50 carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. isolates from bloodstream infections. Isolates were identified by API20NE. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for carbapenems were determined by broth microdilution. Carbapenemases were studied by phenotypic tests, detection of their encoding gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and imipenem hydrolysis. Nucleotide sequencing confirming the enzyme gene type was performed using MegaBACE 1000. The presence of OMPs was studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and PCR. Molecular typing was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). All isolates were resistant to carbapenems. Moreover, 98% of the isolates were positive for the gene encoding the enzyme OXA-51-like, 18% were positive for OXA-23-like (only one isolate did not show the presence of the insertion sequence ISAba1 adjacent to this gene) and 76% were positive for OXA-143 enzyme. Five isolates (10%) showed the presence of the IMP-1 gene. Imipenem hydrolysing activity was detected in only three strains containing carbapenemase genes, comprising two isolates containing the bla(IMP) gene and one containing the bla(OXA-51/OXA-23-like) gene. The OMP of 43 kDa was altered in 17 of 25 strains studied, and this alteration was associated with a high meropenem MIC (256 μg/mL) in 5 of 7 strains without 43 kDa OMP. On the other hand, decreased OMP 33-36 kDa was found in five strains. The high prevalence of OXA-143 and alteration of OMPs might have been associated with a high level of carbapenem resistance.

Mostachio AK ，Levin AS ，Rizek C ，Rossi F ，Zerbini J ，Costa SF ... -  《-》