Development of a psychosocial adaptation questionnaire for Chinese patients with visual impairments.

To develop a psychosocial adaptation questionnaire for Chinese patients with visual impairments and to examine its reliability and validity. Psychosocial adaptation with disease has been studied, however, there have been few reports on the impact of visual impairment on psychosocial adaptation. An instrument has not been developed to assess psychosocial adaptation with visual impairment specifically for patients in China. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. A questionnaire was developed based on the concept of psychosocial adaptation with visual impairment. Items for the questionnaire were developed by reviewing the literature and carrying out a semi-structured interview with 12 visually impaired patients. Five ophthalmologists and ten patients evaluated the content validity and face validity of the questionnaire, respectively. The method of convenient sampling was used to select 213 visually impaired patients in the Ophthalmology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University to participate in the study. Discriminative index and item-total correlation analyses were used to delete items that were lower than a set criterion. Regarding construct validity, factor analysis was performed. The Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and Self Acceptance Questionnaire (SAQ) were used to evaluate criterion validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used as an index of internal consistency. To evaluate test-retest reliability, 50 patients were re-evaluated after 24 hours. A total of 204 questionnaire items were created. 22 items were deleted by discriminative index and item-total correlation before factor analysis; 38 items were entered into the model for factor analysis. Seven factors were extracted by using principal factor analysis and varimax rotation, with a cumulative contribution of 59·18%. The correlation coefficients between the psychosocial adaptation questionnaire for visual impairment and the SAS, GSES and SAQ were -0·771, 0·754 and 0·722, respectively (p < 0·01). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the psychosocial adaptation questionnaire was 0·948. The alpha coefficients of seven sub-questionnaires ranged from 0·56-0·89. The correlation coefficients for the total questionnaire and seven sub-questionnaires ranged from 0·97-0·99 (p < 0·01). The results of this study confirmed the reliability and validity of the 38-item psychosocial adaptation questionnaire for the visually impaired in China. It therefore can be used as a measurement tool for widespread, cost-effective clinical assessment and further research. The new tool may help nurses and other clinical personnel to evaluate the psychosocial adaptation of visually impaired patients and provide a suitable basis for assisting with adaptation to visual impairment and enhancing quality of life.

Zhang XJ ，Wang AP 《-》

Development of a Chinese short form of the Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionnaire.

Lin CT ，Cheng CP ，Kuo SH ，Chou FH ... -  《-》

Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS) for people with chronic mental illness: scale development.

Recovery is defined as a complex process of developing new meaning and purpose in life as one grows beyond the catastrophic effects of mental illness. To promote this process, the necessity of recovery assessment using psychometric measures has been emphasized; however, no measure to assess the individual recovery process is available in Japan. To develop a Japanese version of the Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS) and to examine its reliability and validity. The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Participants came from 1 daycare, 1 outpatient clinic of a psychiatric hospital, 5 sheltered workshops used for social rehabilitation, 3 peer support groups, and 6 inpatient wards of 2 psychiatric hospitals. The survey included 237 participants who had chronic mental illness and were aged 20 or older. For analysis, we used data from 209 participants who had no missing values on the RAS, with 58.9% male and a mean age of 48.3 years. The questionnaire consisted of the Japanese version of the 24-item RAS, developed by the authors with focus group cognitive interviews and the translation-back-translation procedure. Also included were the Herth Hope Index, Empowerment scale, Resilience scale, SF-8, and BASIS-32. Internal consistency reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, and test-retest reliability was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and weighted kappa in a randomly selected subsample (n=24). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and correlations with other scales were used to examine the factor-based validity, concurrent and construct validity of the RAS. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.89 for the overall RAS. ICC and weighted kappa generally indicated good test-retest reliability. Factor analysis of the RAS items yielded five factors: (a) goal/success orientation and hope, (b) reliance on others, (c) personal confidence, (d) no domination by symptoms, and (e) willingness to ask for help. The item "Coping with mental illness is no longer the main focus of my life" showed an inverse factor loading. The overall RAS score significantly and positively correlated with the Herth Hope Index, Empowerment scale, Resilience scale, and SF-8 mental component summary; there was a significant negative correlation with BASIS-32 psychiatric symptoms and functional impairment (p<0.01). This study confirmed the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the 24-item RAS among people with chronic mental illness currently living in communities and inpatient ward settings in Japan.

Chiba R ，Miyamoto Y ，Kawakami N 《-》

[The development and Assessment on the general quality of life intrument for Chinese people].

Wu YF ，Xie GQ ，Li Y ，Zhou BF ，Zhang PH ，Ren FX ，Shi P ，Ma LY ... -  《-》

Development of a 32-item scale to assess postoperative dysfunction after upper gastrointestinal cancer resection.

Nakamura M ，Kido Y ，Egawa T 《-》