Extraction and preconcentration technique for triazole pesticides from cow milk using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by GC-FID and GC-MS determinations.

A simple and rapid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for the extraction, preconcentration, and analysis of triazole pesticides (penconazole, hexaconazole, tebuconazole, triticonazole, and difenoconazole) in cow milk samples. Initially to 5 mL milk sample, NaCl and acetonitrile were added as salting-out agent and extraction solvent, respectively. After manual shaking, the mixture was centrifuged. In the presence of sodium chloride, a two-phase system was formed: upper phase, acetonitrile containing triazole pesticides and lower phase, aqueous phase containing soluble compounds and the precipitated proteins. After the extraction of pesticides from milk, a portion of supernatant phase (acetonitrile) was removed, mixed with chloroform at microliter level and rapidly injected by syringe into 5 mL distilled water. In this process, triazole pesticides were extracted into fine droplets of chloroform (as extraction solvent). After centrifugation, the fine droplets of chloroform were sedimented in bottom of the conical test tube. Finally, GC-FID and GC-MS were used for the separation and determination of analytes in the sedimented phase. Some important parameters like type of solvent for extraction of pesticides from milk, salt amount, the volume of extraction solvent, etc., which affect the extraction efficiency, were completely studied. Under the optimum conditions, enrichment factors were in the range of 156-380. The linear ranges of calibration curves were wide and limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were between 4-58 and 13-180 μg/L, respectively. This method is very simple and rapid, requiring <15 min for sample preparation.

Farajzadeh MA ，Djozan D ，Mogaddam MR ，Bamorowat M ... -  《-》

Determination of phthalate esters in cow milk samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography followed by flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection.

A simple and economic method for the analysis of phthalate esters, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-iso-butyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in cow milk samples by means of gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been developed. In this work, NaCl and ACN were added to 5 mL of the milk sample as the salting out agent and extraction solvent, respectively. After manual shaking, the mixture was centrifuged. In the presence of NaCl, a two-phase system was formed: upper phase - acetonitrile containing phthalate esters -and lower phase - aqueous phase containing soluble compounds and the precipitated proteins. After the extraction of phthalate esters from milk, a portion of supernatant phase (acetonitrile) was removed, mixed with 1,2-dibromoethane at microliter level and injected by syringe into NaCl solution. After the extraction of the selected phthalate esters into 1,2-dibromoethane, phase separation was performed by centrifugation and the enriched analytes in the sedimented phase were determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Under the optimum extraction conditions, low limits of detection and quantification between 1.5-3 and 2.5-11 ng/mL, respectively was observed. Enrichment factors were in the range of 397-499. The relative standard deviations for the extraction of 100 ng/mL of each phthalate ester were in the range of 3-4% (n = 6). Finally, some milk samples were successfully analyzed using the proposed method and two analytes, di-n-butyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhyxel phthalate, were determined in them in nanogram per milliliter level.

Farajzadeh MA ，Djozan D ，Mogaddam MR ，Norouzi J ... -  《-》

Coupling stir bar sorptive extraction-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for preconcentration of triazole pesticides from aqueous samples followed by GC-FID and GC-MS determinations.

Farajzadeh MA ，Djozan D ，Nouri N ，Bamorowat M ，Shalamzari MS ... -  《-》

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection. Very simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water.

Berijani S ，Assadi Y ，Anbia M ，Milani Hosseini MR ，Aghaee E ... -  《JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A》

Development of a new dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method in a narrow-bore tube for preconcentration of triazole pesticides from aqueous samples.

In the present work a new, simple, rapid and environmentally friendly dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method has been developed for extraction/preconcentration of some triazole pesticides in aqueous samples and in grape juice. The extract was analyzed with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The DLLME method was performed in a narrow-bore tube containing aqueous sample. Acetonitrile and a mixture of n-hexanol and n-hexane (75:25, v/v) were used as disperser and extraction solvents, respectively. The effect of several factors that influence performance of the method, including the chemical nature and volume of the disperser and extraction solvents, number of extraction, pH and salt addition, were investigated and optimized. Figures of merit such as linearity (r(2)>0.995), enrichment factors (EFs) (263-380), limits of detection (0.3-5 μg L(-1)) and quantification (0.9-16.7 μg L(-1)), and relative standard deviations (3.2-5%) of the proposed method were satisfactory for determination of the model analytes. The method was successfully applied for determination of target pesticides in grape juice and good recoveries (74-99%) were achieved for spiked samples. As compared with the conventional DLLME, the proposed DLLME method showed higher EFs and less environmental hazards with no need for centrifuging.

Farajzadeh MA ，Djozan D ，Khorram P 《-》