Association of leisure time physical activity and sports competition activities with high blood pressure levels: study carried out in a sample of Portuguese children and adolescents.

A better understanding of the different domains and characteristics of children's and adolescent's physical activity (PA) could be a strategy to clarify the association of this behaviour with the early development of cardiovascular risk factors. To examine the relationship between leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and sports competition activities (SCA) with high blood pressure (HBP) levels in a sample of children and adolescents from Porto, Portugal. This is a cross-sectional study, which comprised 503 boys and 572 girls, aged 8-17 years old. LTPA and SCA were assed by self-reported. Students were assigned as active and non-active in SCA or LTPA according to their self-reported participation. Participants were classified as HBP when they are above of the last quartile for systolic and/or diastolic BP adjusted for gender and age. Do not be engaged in LTPA (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.12; 1.93) and SCA (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.02; 1.81) was significantly associated with the likelihood of being HBP. However, when cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.91; 1.67) and body mass index (BMI) (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 0.98; 1.75) were included on SCA model, the association between SCA with HBP did not showed significant results. Children and adolescents who are not engaged in SCA or LTPA are more likely to be classified as having HBP; however, the relationship between SCA and HBP was dependent of CRF and BMI. Further, PA strategies should take these differences on the relationship between HBP, SCA and LTPA.

Gaya AR ，Silva P ，Martins C ，Gaya A ，Ribeiro JC ，Mota J ... -  《-》

Body fatness and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Portuguese children and adolescents.

Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors that increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in adult populations have also been observed in pediatric populations. Childhood and adolescence obesity has been strongly implicated in the clustering of risk factors. The aims of the present study were 1) to examine whether clustering of CVD risk factors, either biological risk factors (high blood pressure (HBP), percentage of high fat mass (%HBF), and high total cholesterol (HTC)) and one behavioral/lifestyle risk factor (low physical activity index (LPAI)) exist, and 2) to analyze the relationship between body fatness and the clustering of other risk factors. The cluster of CVD risk factors was determined in 1,533 (8-15 years of age) children, 731 males (age 10.8 +/- 2.3 years; weight, 40.6 +/- 12.7 kg; height, 143.1 +/- 14.1 cm; BMI, 19.4 +/- 3.4 kg(-2)) and 802 females (age, 11.0 +/- 2.4; weight, 41.0 +/- 12.4; height, 142.8 +/- 13.2; BMI, 19.7 +/- 3.5). Sex- and age-specific "high risk" quartiles were formed for each of the biological risk factors and the lifestyle factor. Thus, for blood pressure (high blood pressure, HBP), cholesterol (high cholesterol, HTC), and obesity (high percent of body fat, HBF), the sex- and age-adjusted 4th quartile (4Q) was defined as the "high risk" quartile, while for physical activity the 1st quartile (1Q) was defined as the "high risk" quartile. The majority of children (62% of boys and 62% of girls) at risk of obesity are at risk of another risk factor. In our sample, estimated ORs indicated that, compared with 1Q, the "risk of obesity" children and adolescents were two times as likely (P < 0.001) to have two or three risk factors. Our results suggest that children 8-15 years old in the highest quartile of body fatness are an increased risk of having a cluster of other risk factors, namely HBP, HTC, and LPAI. These data provide further evidence that juvenile obesity warrants early intervention because the patterns of unhealthy behavior are formed in adolescence and young adulthood.

Ribeiro JC ，Guerra S ，Oliveira J ，Andersen LB ，Duarte JA ，Mota J ... -  《AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY》

Clustered metabolic risk and leisure-time physical activity in adolescents: effect of dose?

Pahkala K ，Heinonen OJ ，Lagström H ，Hakala P ，Hakanen M ，Hernelahti M ，Ruottinen S ，Sillanmäki L ，Rönnemaa T ，Viikari J ，Raitakari OT ，Simell O ... -  《-》

Secular trends in aerobic fitness performance in 13-18-year-old adolescents from 1976 to 2001.

Huotari PR ，Nupponen H ，Laakso L ，Kujala UM ... -  《-》

Physical activity and biological risk factors clustering in pediatric population.

Ribeiro JC ，Guerra S ，Oliveira J ，Teixeira-Pinto A ，Twisk JW ，Duarte JA ，Mota J ... -  《PREVENTIVE MEDICINE》