Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis.

Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are parasitic helminth diseases that constitute a serious public health issue in tropical regions. The filarial nematodes that cause these diseases are transmitted by blood-feeding insects and produce chronic and long-term infection through suppression of host immunity. Disease pathogenesis is linked to host inflammation invoked by the death of the parasite, causing hydrocoele, lymphoedema, and elephantiasis in lymphatic filariasis, and skin disease and blindness in onchocerciasis. Most filarial species that infect people co-exist in mutualistic symbiosis with Wolbachia bacteria, which are essential for growth, development, and survival of their nematode hosts. These endosymbionts contribute to inflammatory disease pathogenesis and are a target for doxycycline therapy, which delivers macrofilaricidal activity, improves pathological outcomes, and is effective as monotherapy. Drugs to treat filariasis include diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and albendazole, which are used mostly in combination to reduce microfilariae in blood (lymphatic filariasis) and skin (onchocerciasis). Global programmes for control and elimination have been developed to provide sustained delivery of drugs to affected communities to interrupt transmission of disease and ultimately eliminate this burden on public health.

Taylor MJ ，Hoerauf A ，Bockarie M 《-》

Filariasis in Africa--treatment challenges and prospects.

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) and onchocerciasis are parasitic nematode infections that are responsible for a major disease burden in the African continent. Disease symptoms are induced by the immune reactions of the host, with lymphoedema and hydrocoele in LF, and dermatitis and ocular inflammation in onchocerciasis. Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus, the species causing LF and onchocerciasis in Africa, live in mutual symbiosis with Wolbachia endobacteria, which cause a major part of the inflammation leading to symptoms and are antibiotic targets for treatment. The standard microfilaricidal drugs ivermectin and albendazole are used in mass drug administration programmes, with the aim of interrupting transmission, with a consequent reduction in the burden of infection and, in some situations, leading to regional elimination of LF and onchocerciasis. Co-endemicity of Loa loa with W. bancrofti or O. volvulus is an impediment to mass drug administration with ivermectin and albendazole, owing to the risk of encephalopathy being encountered upon administration of ivermectin. Research into new treatment options is exploring several improved delivery strategies for the classic drugs or new antibiotic treatment regimens for anti-wolbachial chemotherapy.

Hoerauf A ，Pfarr K ，Mand S ，Debrah AY ，Specht S ... -  《-》

Anti-Wolbachia therapy for onchocerciasis & lymphatic filariasis: Current perspectives.

Wan Sulaiman WA ，Kamtchum-Tatuene J ，Mohamed MH ，Ramachandran V ，Ching SM ，Sazlly Lim SM ，Hashim HZ ，Inche Mat LN ，Hoo FK ，Basri H ... -  《INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH》

Identifying co-endemic areas for major filarial infections in sub-Saharan Africa: seeking synergies and preventing severe adverse events during mass drug administration campaigns.

Cano J ，Basáñez MG ，O'Hanlon SJ ，Tekle AH ，Wanji S ，Zouré HG ，Rebollo MP ，Pullan RL ... -  《Parasites & Vectors》

Elimination of lymphatic filariasis: do we have the drugs to complete the job?

Bockarie MJ ，Deb RM 《-》