Hovering between death and life: natural apoptosis and phagocytes in the blastogenetic cycle of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri.

Colonies of the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri undergo recurrent generation changes during which massive, natural apoptosis occurs in zooid tissues: for this reason the species is emerging as an interesting model of invertebrate chordate, phylogenetically related to vertebrates, for studies of apoptosis during development. In the present work, we carried out a series of morphological, cytofluorimetrical and biochemical analyses, useful for a better characterization of Botryllus apoptosis. Results are consistent with the following viewpoints: (i) both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, probably connected by the BH3-only protein Bid, are involved in cell death induction; (ii) phagocytes, once loaded with senescent cells, frequently undergo apoptosis, probably as a consequence of oxidative stress caused by prolonged respiratory burst, and (iii) senescent phagocytes are easily recognized and ingested by other phagocytes, responsible for their clearance. In addition, results suggest the conservation of apoptosis induction mechanisms throughout chordate evolution.

Cima F ，Manni L ，Basso G ，Fortunato E ，Accordi B ，Schiavon F ，Ballarin L ... -  《-》

Apoptosis and phosphatidylserine-mediated recognition during the take-over phase of the colonial life-cycle in the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri.

Cima F ，Basso G ，Ballarin L 《CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH》

Haemocytes and blastogenetic cycle in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri: a matter of life and death.

Ballarin L ，Menin A ，Tallandini L ，Matozzo V ，Burighel P ，Basso G ，Fortunato E ，Cima F ... -  《CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH》

Programmed cell death in vegetative development: apoptosis during the colonial life cycle of the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri.

Tiozzo S ，Ballarin L ，Burighel P ，Zaniolo G ... -  《TISSUE & CELL》

Natural apoptosis during the blastogenetic cycle of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri: a morphological analysis.

Ballarin L ，Schiavon F ，Manni L 《ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE》