Glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) in biology and pathology.

Post-translational proteolytic processing of the preproglucagon gene in the gut results in the formation of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Owing to its glucose-dependent insulinotropic effect, this hormone was postulated to primarily act as an incretin, i.e. to augment insulin secretion after oral glucose or meal ingestion. In addition, GLP-1 decelerates gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon secretion. Under physiological conditions, GLP-1 acts as a part of the 'ileal brake', meaning that is slows the transition of nutrients into the distal gut. Animal studies suggest a role for GLP-1 in the development and growth of the endocrine pancreas. In light of its multiple actions throughout the body, different therapeutic applications of GLP-1 are possible. Promising results have been obtained with GLP-1 in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but its potential to reduce appetite and food intake may also allow its use for the treatment of obesity. While rapid in vivo degradation of GLP-1 has yet prevented its broad clinical use, different pharmacological approaches aiming to extend the in vivo half-life of GLP-1 or to inhibit its inactivation are currently being evaluated. Therefore, antidiabetic treatment based on GLP-1 may become available within the next years. This review will summarize the biological effects of GLP-1, characterize its role in human biology and pathology, and discuss potential clinical applications as well as current clinical studies.

Meier JJ ，Nauck MA 《DIABETES-METABOLISM RESEARCH AND REVIEWS》

The entero-insular axis in type 2 diabetes--incretins as therapeutic agents.

Creutzfeldt W 《EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & DIABETES》

The potential role of glucagon-like peptide 1 in diabetes.

Meier JJ ，Nauck MA 《-》

Glucagon-like peptide 1: evolution of an incretin into a treatment for diabetes.

D'Alessio DA ，Vahl TP 《AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM》

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in the treatment of diabetes.

Nauck MA 《HORMONE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH》