[Analysis of genetic diversity of preserved population of native chicken breeds by microsatellites and file foundation of markers].

The genetic diversity (allele frequency, mean heterozygosity, mean polymorphic information content(PIC), and Nei genetic distances) of preserved population of 11 native chicken breeds was analyzed by 20 microsatellite markers with high polymorphism. The clustering dendrogram was obtained eventually based on Nei genetic distances of 20 microsatellite. The results showed that 176 alleles were detected of 20 microsatellite loci in 11 native chicken breeds, the average number of alleles of each loci was 8.8 and the range of allele frequencies was 0.013-0.838, and 11 native chicken breeds shared 45 alleles. The average heterozygosity of 20 microsatellite loci was 0.6800-0.7432, the heterozygosity of Zang chicken was the highest (0.7432), and that of Langshang chicken was the lowest (0.6800). The range of PIC of 20 microsatellite loci were 0.6329-0.7023, which is higher than 0.5 and highly polymorphic. By the results of UPGMA tree, four groups were formed from 11 chicken breeds, the first group was Silky, Chahua, Xianju, Zang and Xiaoshan chicken; the second group was Luyuan and Langshan chicken; the third group was Gushi, Fatty and Dagu chicken; and the fourth group was Henan game chicken. The effect of preserved breeds and the differences among generations can be tested by the file foundation of molecular markers, which contained allele frequency, mean heterozygosity, and mean PIC of 20 microsatellite loci in different generation populations.

Gao YS ，Yang N ，Li HF ，Wang KH ，Tong HB ... -  《-》

[Analysis of genetic relationship among Chinese native chicken breeds using microsatellites marker].

The allele frequencies, heterozygosity (H), mean heterozygosity, polymorphism information content (PIC) and genetic relationships were studied in Luyuan chicken, Gushi chicken, Tibetan chicken, Baier chicken, Xianju chicken, Chahua chicken, Dagu chicken,Beijing Fatty chicken, Langshan chicken, Henan Game chicken,Taihe Silkies chicken and Xiaoshan chicken using seven microsatellite DNA markers. The results showed that there were differences among allele fequencies of seven microsatellite loci in 12 Chinese native chicken breeds. Among the 12 Chinese native chicken breeds, mean heterozygosity of Luyuan chicken was the highest (0.5929), and that of Chahua chicken was the lowest (0.3514). There were similar results in PIC. By fuzzy cluster analysis was found that the genetic relationship between Taihe Silkies chicken and Henan Game chicken was the nearest, and that between Gushi chicken and the other chicken breeds was the most distant. The 12 Chinese native chicken breeds were divided into three group by fuzzy cluster analysis. The first group included Taihe Silkies chicken, Henan Game chicken, Langshan chicken, Xiaoshan chicken, Dagu chicken, Beijing Fatty chicken and Luyuan chicken, the second group included Chahua chicken, Tibetan chicken, Xianju chicken and Baier chicken, and the third group included Gushi chicken.

Wu XS ，Chen GH ，Wang DQ ，Zhang XY ，Wang KH ，Cheng R ，Liu B ，Xu Q ，Zhou QL ... -  《-》

[Analysis of genetic diversity of Sichuan indigenous chicken breeds using microsatellite markers].

Thirty microsatellite markers with medium or high polymorphisms were selected to detect the genetic diversity of 8 indigenous chicken breeds in Sichuan. According to the allele frequencies of 30 microsatellite sites, mean heterozygosity (H), polymorphism information content (PIC) and DA genetic distances were calculated for each breeds. The results showed that 24 of 30 microsatellite sites were highly polymorphic, so the 24 microsatellite markers were effective markers for analysis of genetic relationship among chicken breeds. The mean heterozygosity of 8 chicken breeds was all over 0.5. The highest was the Luning chicken (0.681), and the lowest was the Jiuyuan Dark chicken. The high diversity of 8 chicken breeds might be caused by the traffic obstruction(geographic isolation). The results of the heterozygosity were consistent with that of PIC. UPGMA tree was completed through analysis of DA genetic distances. Emei Dark chicken, Miyi chicken, Luning chicken and Jiuyuan Dark chicken were the first group: Miyi chicken and Luning chicken were grouped firstly, then Emei Dark chicken were grouped with them in shorter time distances, and Jiuyuan Dark chicken were grouped with them at last. Shimiancao Ke chicken Xingwen Silky chicken and Muchuan Silky were the second group: Xingwen Silky chicken and Muchuan Silky were grouped firstly, and then Shimiancao Ke chicken was grouped with them. Liangshangya Ying chicken had its own branch. The result of UPGM was consistent with the genesis, breeding history, differentiation and location of 8 chicken breeds.

Tu YJ ，Chen KW ，Shen JC ，Tang QP ，Zhang SJ ... -  《-》

[Analysis of genetic diversity of Shandong indigenous chicken breeds using microsatellite marker].

Microsatellite marker is one of the frequently used molecular markers. It has been used in the genotype identification, pedigree analysis and estimation of genetic distance. In this paper, five microsatellite markers with high polymorphisms were selected to detect the genetic diversity of seven chicken breeds. The alleles frequencies, polymorphism information content (PIC) and average heterozygosity within each population, and DA genetic distance among breeds were analyzed. The application of microsatellite polymorphisms to the detection of genetic variability and relationship among populations was discussed. Altogether, forty alleles were found in this experiment, and among them the most alleles (10) were detected by ADL0136 and the least (5) were detected by ADL0146. The distribution of alleles was not balanced, each locus having one or more dominant alleles. The average heterozygosity in the Shouguang chicken was the lowest (0.3327), and that in other breeds was also less than 0.4. It can be seen then that microsatellite polymorphisms can be used to reveal the variability within population through calculation of average heterozygosity. The PIC values ranged from 0.6169 (Shouguang chicken) to 0.7027 (Laiwu Black chicken). UPGMA tree was completed through analysis of DA genetic distance. In the tree, the Rizhao Pockmarked and the Jining Hundred chicken were first grouped together with a bootstrap value of 92%, before they were grouped with the Laiwu Black and the Shouguang chickens. The Anoka Yellow and the Guangxi Yellow chicken were grouped together with a bootstrap value of 80%, but the Luxi Fighting chicken had its own branch. In summary, the UPGMA tree well reflected the evolutionary and breeding history of the seven breeds.

Cheng HJ ，Yue YS ，Fan XZ ，Zhang CS ，Du LX ... -  《-》

Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among red jungle fowls and Chinese domestic fowls.

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 568 individuals of two red jungle fowl subspecies (Gallus gallus spadiceus in China and Gallus gallus gallus in Thailand) and 14 Chinese domestic chicken breeds were evaluated with 29 microstaellite loci, the genetic variability within population and genetic differentiation among population were estimated, and then genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed among red jungle fowls and Chinese domestic fowls. A total of 286 alleles were detected in 16 population with 29 microsatellite markers and the average number of the alleles observed in 29 microsatellite loci was 9.86+/-6.36. The overall expected heterozygosity of all population was 0.6708+/-0.0251, and the number of population deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium per locus ranged from 0 to 7. In the whole population, the average of genetic differentiation among population, measured as FST value, was 16.7% (P<0.001), and all loci contributed significantly (P<0.001) to this differentiation. It can also be seen that the deficit of heterozygotes was very high (0.015) (P<0.01). Reynolds' distance values varied between 0.036 (Xiaoshan chicken-Luyuan chicken pair) and 0.330 (G. gallus gallus-Gushi chicken pair). The Nm value ranged from 0.533 (between G. gallus gallus and Gushi chicken) to 5.833 (between Xiaoshan chicken and Luyuan chicken). An unrooted consensus tree was constructed using the neighbour-joining method and the Reynolds' genetic distance. The heavy-body sized chicken breeds, Luyuan chicken, Xiaoshan chicken, Beijing Fatty chicken, Henan Game chicken, Huainan Partridge and Langshan chicken formed one branch, and it had a close genetic relationship between Xiaoshan chicken-Luyuan chicken pair and Chahua chicken-Tibetan chicken pair. Chahua chicken and Tibetan chicken had closer genetic relationship with these two subspecies of red jungle fowl than other domestic chicken breeds. G. gallus spadiceus showed closer phylogenetic relationship with Chinese domestic chicken breeds than G. gallus gallus. All 29 microstaellite loci in this study showed high levels of polymorphism and significant genetic differentiation was observed among two subspecies of red jungle fowl and 14 Chinese domestic chicken breeds. The evolutional dendrogram is as follows: evolutional breeds-->primitive breeds (Chahua chicken and Tibetan)-->red jungle fowl in China (G. gallus spadiceus)-->red jungle fowl in Thailand (G. gallus gallus). The results supported the theory that the domestic fowls might originate from different subspecies of red jungle fowl and Chinese domestic fowls had independent origin.

Bao W ，Chen G ，Li B ，Wu X ，Shu J ，Wu S ，Xu Q ，Weigend S ... -  《science in china series c-life sciences》