Strategic behavior and entry deterrence by branded drug firms: the case of authorized generic drugs.

被引量：- 发表：1970

Does implementing opt-out solve the organ shortage problem? Evidence from a synthetic control approach.

被引量：- 发表：1970

An assessment of the implications of distribution remuneration and taxation policies on the final prices of prescription medicines: evidence from 35 countries.

被引量：- 发表：1970

Cost effectiveness of a GP delivered medication review to reduce polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate prescribing in older patients with multimorbidity in Irish primary care: the SPPiRE cluster randomised controlled trial.

Evidence on the cost effectiveness of deprescribing in multimorbidity is limited. To investigate the cost effectiveness of a general practitioner (GP) delivered, individualised medication review to reduce polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate prescribing in older patients with multimorbidity in Irish primary care. Within trial economic evaluation, from a healthcare perspective and based on a cluster randomised controlled trial with a 6 month follow up and 403 patients (208 Intervention and 195 Control) recruited between April 2017 and December 2019. Intervention GPs used the SPPiRE website which contained educational materials and a template to support a web-based individualised medication review. Control GPs delivered usual care. Incremental costs, quality adjusted life years (QALYs) generated using the EQ-5D-5L instrument, and expected cost effectiveness were estimated using multilevel modelling and multiple imputation techniques. Uncertainty was explored using parametric, deterministic and probabilistic methods. On average, the SPPiRE intervention was dominant over usual care, with non-statistically significant mean cost savings of €410 (95% confidence interval (CI): - 2211, 1409) and mean health gains of 0.014 QALYs (95% CI - 0.011, 0.039). At cost effectiveness threshold values of €20,000 and €45,000 per QALY, the probability of SPPiRE being cost effective was 0.993 and 0.988. Results were sensitive to missing data and data collection period. The study observed a pattern towards dominance for the SPPiRE intervention, with high expected cost effectiveness. Notably, observed differences in costs and outcomes were consistent with chance, and missing data and related uncertainty was non trivial. The cost effectiveness evidence may be considered promising but equivocal. ISRCTN: 12752680, 20th October 2016.

被引量：- 发表：1970

Testing four cognition bolt-on items to the EQ-5D in a general Chinese population.

This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of four candidate cognition bolt-on items and their combinations to the EQ-5D-5L. Four cognition items (concentration, memory, calculation, and learning) were developed as separate questionnaire items, and were administered with the standard EQ-5D-5L to 640 individuals in a general population survey in China. From the 4 items, 11 compound items were constructed, and the 'worse level counts' rule was used to calculate a compound item score. Psychometric performance of the cognition bolt-ons was assessed in terms of informativity, convergent validity, explanatory power, and discriminatory power. The tested four cognition bolt-on items improved the informativity, convergent validity, explanatory power, and discriminatory power of EQ-5D-5L, with calculation and learning yielding better psychometric performance. The compound bolt-on items that coverd a range of cognitive functions demonstrated superior psychometric performance compared to single-aspect bolt-on items, with those items covering calculation and learning resulting in better psychometric performance. This study confirmed the validity of the tested cognition bolt-ons in a general Chinese population. It supported the use of a compound bolt-on item covering a range of cognitive functions such as the ability to calculate and learn.

被引量：- 发表：1970